Раздел 5. Второе занятие

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tions a second. The road to electronic giants is open: fifth-generation com­puters performing 100 billion operations a second are likely to become available in the foreseeable future. Is there an end to this relay race?

According to an American researcher, we are close to what can be regarded as a true physical limit.

Other specialists regret the sluggishness of electrons. In their opin­ion, photons — light particles — will permit the performance to be made a thousand times faster.

This would mean that in the future we can expect the emergence of photon computers and that computations will be done by means of light. At least this is what is being hypothesized at present.

4. Учитесь говорить.

6. Ответьте развернуто на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the function of the microprocessor?

2. What are the advantages of microcomputers in comparison with random-logic design?

3. What technology made the smaller size and lower cost of elec­tronic devices possible?

4. What are the main factors resulting in greater cost savings of elec­tronic devices?

5. What limits the numeric range of data the processor can handle?

6. What features of microprocessors are to be considered when deal­ing with their applications?

Текст 5.4 В

Прочитайте текст. Кратко изложите его содержание на английском языке.

A Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a tool that deals with memories by reading ^d writing process. At first sight it is all it can actually do.

One can consider that it is surprising how a computer can answer ^a Question only by dealing with 0 and 1 but the fact is that it works.

^ Бух

Микроэлектроника: настоящее и будуии.

Only human brain can teach a computer how to “listen” to a ques- tion and “elaborate” an answer only by dealing with 0 and 1. A micro- processor is the next step, dealing with memories in complete “tradi­tional” 8-bit bytes.

So the microprocessor is addressing a memory, a location inside the selected memory, and then achieves a read or write operation.

Additional tools have been designed to allow exchanges with ex­ternal memories or devices.

Домашнее задание

1. Изучите слова и словосочетания всего основного текста. Подготовьтесь к контрольному переводу слов.

2. Подготовьте контрольный перевод основного текста.

3. Подготовьте выступление (рассчитанное на две минуты) по теме “The Microprocessor Has Altered the Architecture of Modern Computer Systems”.

Внеаудиторная работа

1. Подготовьтесь к контрольному переводу основного текста. Прочитайте повторно текст. Подготовьтесь к выборочному опросу перевода.

2. Проверьте, знаете ли вы новые слова основного текста. Ответьте на вопросы упр. 5.16.

3. Учитесь переводить.

6. Переведите следующие предложения, учитывая средства передачи модаль­ности.

1. It is necessary to examine factors which are likely to interfere wuh the experiment results.

2. Human needs have to be identified first and then converted to programs in the best possible way.

3. Sometimes the microcomputer system is to be used as a general purpose computer.

4. The computer has made it possible to mechanize much of the in­formation interchange and processing.

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5. Architectures should provide adequate flexibility to support the growing trend to distributed systems.

6. I n the ideal system, the output of a stable transfer function (digital filter) would approach some constant for a constant input.

7. In a real-time program the program must execute the model code synchronously with real time.

Текст 5.5 В

Переведите текст письменно со словарем. Время перевода — 20 минут.

Software

Programs — software — can be written in a variety of program­ming languages. Most programming languages in common use today are English-like in appearance, although there are very definite rules for using them. Some languages are to be used specifically for business or for scientific applications.

Programmers must understand how to use a programming lan­guage so that they can convey the logic of a program to the computer. The program must be made available to the computer in a form it un­derstands. The program is stored in some form of auxiliary storage, such as disk, from which it can be called into main storage for testing and execution. Programmers must also understand that the program is supposed to do and design it accordingly, test it to remove errors, and document — write about — what they did.

4. Учитесь аннотировать и реферировать текст.

Текст 5.6 В

Прочитайте текст и составьте схему, показывающую основные направления ис­следований по разработке электронных микропроцессорных схем обработки дан­ных и управления. Используйте выделенные слова в качестве ориентиров.

The architectural research and development efforts are directed at integrated circuits, computer architecture, operating systems, and pro­gramming languages.

14*

Микроэлектроника- настоящее и будуще

Integrated circuit researchers are examining complementary metal- oxide semiconductor (CMOS) design styles, the effects of scaling very laige scale integration (VLSI) circuits and control and clocking issues.

Computer architecture researchers are studying multiprocessor ad­dress trace analysis, cache consistency, virtually-tagged caches, in- cache address translation, multi-level cache design, coprocessor in­terfaces, instruction delivery, hardware support, and floating-point implementations.

Operating system researchers are investigating network file systems, network page servers, the effects of large physical memories on virtua memory implementations, and workload distribution.

Programming language researchers are examining parallel programs and methods of computing parallel LISP programs.

4. Учитесь говорить.

Текст 5.7 В

Подготовьте выступление, используя информацию данного текста:

Present microprocessors vary in their detailed architecture de­pending on their manufacture and in some cases on the particular semi­conductor technology adopted. One of the major distinctions is whether all the elements of the microprocessor are divided among several iden­tical modular chips that can be linked in parallel, the total number of chips depending on the length of the “word” the user wants to process four bits (binary digits), eight bits, 16 bits or more. Such a multichip arrangement is known as a bit-sliced organization. A feature of bit' sliced chips made by the bipolar technology is that they are “micro- grammable”: they allow the user to create specific sets of instructions, a definite advantage for many applications.