Chapter XVII

TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS, BILLS OF LADING

ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ ДОКУМЕНТЫ, КОНОСАМЕНТЫ

The main transport documents are: the Railway Bill¹ (for the transportation by the railroad), the Airfreight Bill² (for air transportation), the Autoway Bill³ (for auto transport) and the Bill of Lading⁴ (for sea transportation).

All these documents have much in common⁵ so there is nooint⁶ in discussing all of them. It would be more useful to discuss in detail the main sea transportation document, i.e. the Bill of Lading (B/L), since the most voluminous⁷ international trade is still carried out by sea — be it in terms of the sheer bulk of the goods, or their cost⁸.

The transport of goods between two countries is organized by forwarding agents (shipping agents)⁹ who send the goods to the place of destination either after warehousing¹⁰ or directly.

The forwarding agent undertakes the collection of smaller consignment into collective consignment (consolidated cargo)¹¹, he sees to reforwarding or redirection of goods¹², their transhipment¹³, insurance and customs-clearance¹⁴. He gives on request information as to the freight rates, port dues (dock dues), insurance rates¹⁵, etc.

For the announcement of goods to be shipped a shipping note¹⁶ must be sent by the forwarder (on behalf of the shipper¹⁷) to a dock company¹⁸ or to the captain of the ship. The shipping,note contains the request to transport the goods to a certain port of destination. Then, the goods are loaded on board the vessel¹⁹, after which where forwarder is given the mate's receipt²⁰ certifying that the goods have been taken on board the ship. It may be a «clean receipt*²¹ if the packing is in good order or a «foul receipt»²² if the packing of the goods leaves anything to be desired.

Then the Bill of Lading is made out. It is the contract by which the shipowner agrees to convey the shipper's cargo to the place of destination and to hand it over to the addressee²³ in the port of discharge.

The Bill of Lading is made out in several stamped, originals²⁴ (usually three) and a numbef of unstamped copies (up to twenty five). In the port of destination only the holder of the Bill of Lading (which is sent either by air-mail or by ship's mail) is entitled²⁵ to receive the goods.

In any Bill of Lading the following details should be stated: B/L Number, Reference Number (Shippers' Reference)²⁶, the names of the Shipper and the consignee, the name, flag and shipowners of the vessel, the port of loading and discharge, the description of goods, the marks and numbers, the place and date of issue²⁷, freight particulars²⁸ and the terms of delivery²⁹.

The terms of delivery most commonly employed in international trade are the following. _n

C.I.F. (Cost, Insurance, Freight)³⁰. When this type of delivery is employed, the Buyer pays not only for the goods themselves, but for their transportation (freight), and also insures the goods. Freight is usually prepaid³¹.

С & F., C.A.F. (Cost and Freight)³². This is analogous to the previous, with the exception of insurance.

F.O.B. (Free on Board)³³. In many respects³⁴ this type of delivery is opposite to C.I1F. and C.A.F. In the case of a F.O.B. delivery the Shipper is usually responsible only for the delivery of the goods on board the vessel. When the goods are loaded, the Shipper's responsibility is over. So, to look at it the Charterer's way, the loading for him is free³⁵. Under this type of delivery terms freight is usually not prepaid, but collect³⁶.

F.A.S. (Free alongside Snip)³⁷. This is much the same as the previous, only the Shipper does hot even have to load the goods on board the vessel, he must only, deliver the goods to the pier, leaving them alongside ship.

F.G. (Free out)³⁸. Everything until the ship is out of the port is the responsibility of one party (usually the Shipper), while afterwards it is the responsibility of another party (usually, the Charterer).

F.I.O.S. (Free in and out Stowed)⁸⁹. Stowing the vessel in the port of loading, and unstowing it in the port of discharge is not included in freight (is free).

Quite often Bills of Lading have a more detailed description of responsibilities concerning delivery, stowing, unstowing, etc. For instance, one may find in B/L's such remarks as: «Discharging at the Port of Destination for the Buyers' (Sellers') Account»⁴⁰, «All Expenses Connected with Stowing and Unstowing, Including Works in Holds are for the Consignee's Account»⁴¹, «Shippers' Load, Stowage, Count and Seal»⁴², «Cargo Shipped on Deck at Shippers' Risk»⁴³, etc.

NOTES

1. Railway Bill	— железнодорожная накладная
2. Airfreight Bill	— авиационная накладная
3. Autoway Bill	— автомобильная накладная
4. Bill of Lading	— коносамент
5. to have much in common	— иметь много общего
6. there is no point	— нет смысла обсуждать
in discussing
7. voluminous adj	— объемный
volume n	— объем
8. be it in terms of Hie	— будьте в смысле простого объема грузоперевозок или их стоимости
sheer bulk of the goods
or their cost
9. forwarding agents =	— экспедирующая организация
shipping agents
10. to warehouses	— складировать
warehouse л	— склад
11. consolidated cargo	— сборный груз
12. reforwarding =	— переадресовка, переотправка грузов
redirection of goods
13. transhipment n	— перепалка, транзит груза
14. customs-clearance n	— пропускание (груза) через таможню
15. freight rates, port dues	— ставки фрахта, портовые (доковые) сборы, страховые ставки
(dock dues), insurance
rates
16. shipping note	— поручение на отгрузку,
	отгрузочное поручение
17. on behalf of the shipper	— от имени отправителя
18. dock company	— портовая компания
19. vessel n	— судно
20. mate's receipt	— штурманская расписка
	(расписка администрации судна в получении груза)
21. clean receipt	— чистая (без оговорок) штурманская расписка
22. foul receipt	— штурманская расписка с оговорками
23. addressee = consignee n	— получатель
24. stamped original	— отштампованный оригинал коносамента
25. to be entitled to	— быть уполномоченным, иметь право
26. Reference Number =	— номер поручения на погрузку
Shippers'Reference
27. place and date of issue	— место и время выдачи (издания)коносамента
28. freight particulars	— детали, касающиеся фрахта
29. terms of delivery	— условия доставки
30. Cost, Insurance. Freight	— «СИФ», «стоимость,
	страховка, фрахт»
31. freight prepaid	— фрахт уплачен заранее
32. Cost and Freight	— «КАФ», «стоимость и фрахт»
33. Free on Board	— «ФОБ», «аранко-борт»
34. in many respects	— во многих отношениях
35. to look at it the Charterer's	— если смотреть с позиции фрахтователя, то для него погрузка бесплатна
way, loading for him is free
36. freight collect	— фрахт уплачиваемся после доставки
37. Free alongside Ship	— «ФАС», «франко вдоль борта судна»
38. Free out	— ФО, условие доставки, при котором изменения ответственности за груз происходит при выходе судна из порта
39. Free in and out Stowed	— «ФИОС», условие доставки, при котором в сумму-фрахта не входит обработка судна в портах погрузки и выгрузки
40. Discharging at the Port	— Выгрузка в порту назначения за счет покупателя (продавца).
. of Destination For
the Buyers'(Sellers')
Account
41. All Expenses Connected	— Все затраты, связанные с погрузкой и. выгрузкой, включая трюмные работы, за счет получателя.
with Stowing
and Unstowing, Including
Works in Holds are for
the Consignee's Account.
42. Shippers' load» stowage,	— Погрузка, затарка, счет и пломбы отправителя.
count and seal.
43. Cargo shipped on deck	— Груз перевозится на палубе на страх и риск отправителя.
shippers'risk.

The expressions most commonly used in letters concerning transport documents:

The documents required are.. .	Требуемые документы должны включать...
The originals and the nonnegociable copies of the B/L should be sent hy ship's mail (air mail).	Оригиналы и не подлежащие передаче копни коно- самента должны быть высланы судовой почтой (авиапочтой).
The B/L should be clean, endorsed by the Shippers.	Коносамент должен быть чистым, индоссированным отправителем.
The first (second, third) original of the B/L (blank endorsed, to our order) should be sent by ship's mail, while the mate's receipt should be sent by air mail.	Первый (второй, третий) оригинал коносамента (с бланковой передаточной надписью, нашему приказу) должен быть выслан судовой почти, а расписка капитана — авиапочтой.
Please note that on receipt of the goods we have discovered the following differences against the B/L's.	Пожалуйста, отметьте, что по получении груза мы об- наружили следующие расхождения с коносаментами.
Please note that the docu-	Пожалуйста, отметьте, что в документах, полученных нами, не хватает...
ments received by us are
short of the following...
Please issue and sign on our	Пожалуйста, выпустите и подпишите от нашего имени
behalf...
Please introduce the following corrections in the cargo documents.	Пожалуйста, внесите следующие исправления в грузовые документы.. коносамент №... снят с погрузки
the B/L No.... is cancelled
(not shipped)
The cargo belongs to the parcel shortshipped per m.v.....B/L No....	Груз принадлежит к партия, погруженной на т/ х ... и оформленной коносаментом №...
Instead of the clean B/L we have received the foul B/L.	Вместо чистого коносамента мы получили коносамент с оговоркой.
Since the validity of the L/C ceases, please antedate the B/L's.	В связи с истечением срока аккредитива, пожалуй' ста, антедатируйте коносаменты.
The date of the Airfreight (Railway, Autoway) hill is considered as the date of delivery.	Дата авиационной (автомобильной, железнодорожной) накладной считается датой доставки.