- •Psychology
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Part I. Introducing psychology Text 1. Special Fields of Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Physiological Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Gestalt Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Social Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Part II. Family psychology Text 1. Family Relations
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Cohabitation.
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Family Problems
- •Assignments:
- •Text 4. Single-Parent Families
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Stepfamilies
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Ten Tips for Building a Marriage
- •Assignments
- •Text 7.The Difficult Child
- •Assignments
- •Text 8. Handling Aggressive Children
- •Assignments
- •Агресивні діти
- •Part III. Psychology of sex relations. Behavioral therapies.
- •3.1 Psychology of sex relations Text 1.Can Men and Women Be Friends?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Men and Women Really do Think Differently
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Psychological Problems of Sex Relations
- •Assigments
- •3.2. Behavioral therapies Text 1. The Approaches to Therapy.
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Reciprocal Inhibition
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Desensitization in Real Life Situations
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Other Methods of Treating Psychological Disorders.
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Assertive Training
- •Assignments
- •Part IV. Temperament. Emotions
- •4.1 Temperament Text1. Personality: What is Temperament?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2.The Four Temperaments in General
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. How to Define Your Temperament
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Personality and Handwriting
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Left-Handed People
- •Assignments
- •Про що можливо дізнатися з почерку?
- •4.2 Emotions Тext 1. What Are Emotions?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Kinds of Emotions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Loving
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Fear and Anger
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Long-Тerm Arousal
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Attributions
- •Assignments
- •Text 7. Locus of Control
- •Assignments
- •Part V. Human feelings. Phobias.
- •5.1 Human feelings. Text 1. Our Feelings as the Motor of Our Life
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. How do We Loose Our Feelings?
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Negative Feelings
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Find Constructive Ways to Release Your Anger
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Shyness is a Common Social Problem
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. What is Modesty?
- •Assignments
- •5.2 Phobias Text 1. Social Phobia
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Facts about Phobias
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Social Phobia in Children
- •Text 4. Panic
- •Assignments
- •Part VI. Stress Text 1. Types of Stress
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Common Stress Symptoms
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Stress Areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Priorities in Managing Stress
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Stress Management and Communication
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Stress Management Techniques
- •Assignments
- •Text 7. Steps to Combat Stress
- •Assignments
- •Part VII.Sleep and dreams. Memory and brain.
- •7.1. Sleep and dreams Text 1. Sleep
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. The Mystery of Sleep
- •Assignments
- •Text 3 . Sweet Dreams
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. The Meaning of Dreams
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Freud and Dreams
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Body Clock
- •Assignments
- •7.2 Memory and brain. Text 1. Memory
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Inside the Brain.
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Hypnotherapy
- •Assignments
- •Part VIII. Psychology of learning. Psychology in work.
- •8.1 Psychology of learning. Text 1. Asociation Learning
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Treating Phobias.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Operant Conditioning
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Imitation and Modelling
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Schemas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •8.2. Psychology in work Text 1. Psychological Theories about Unemployment and Retirement
- •Latent functions of working
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Retirement and Responsibility
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Leadership
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Choosing People for Jobs
- •Assignments
- •Список літератури
Text 2. Common Stress Symptoms
The most common symptoms of stress are physical and behavioural problems. Physical problems usually take the form of illnesses or various aches and pains.
Doctors estimate that 75 per cent of all medical complaints are stress related. The most common complaints include: insomnia/sleep disorders; sexual dysfunction; indigestion/vomiting; ulcers/diarrhoea; headaches; muscle aches; high blood pressure/heart attacks/strokes; chronic illnesses (flu, colds, etc.); hives.
Too many people rely on medication to treat symptoms of stress. While medicines may relieve the immediate discomfort, they do nothing to eliminate the stress source. In the meantime, the body's immune system is impaired by the continual release of stress hormones.
The release of adrenaline in response to short-term stress (avoiding the car that almost hit you) doesn't generally harm the immune system. The chemical cortisol is produced when we experience ongoing stress. Overwork and anxiety may result in hormonal imbalance, which can cause exhaustion. This hormone reduces the ability of our immune system to fight disease. Behavioural symptoms of ongoing stress include: isolation from family and friends; drug/alcohol abuse; increase in smoking; depression/anxiety; irritability/rapid mood swings; compulsive eating/dieting; child/spouse abuse.
There are three basic ways we can respond to stress:
1. Resist. We can fight the tiger, our colleagues, our spouses. In this case, we view stress as an assault by an external source and we respond defensively.
2. Avoid. We can bury our heads in the sand and hope whatever is making us feel bad will give up and go away. A common avoidance technique is reliance on alcohol or drugs.
3. Confront/adapt. We can work to identify the real cause of our stress and eliminate it. If this is not possible, then we work out how to adapt so it won't destroy our lives.
(Kristine C. Brewer. Managing Stress. ─ England: Gower Publishing Limited, 1997. ─ 82 p.)
Assignments
I. Memorize the following words and phrases:
insomnia |
безсоння |
sleep disorders |
розлади сну |
indigestion |
розлад травлення |
vomiting |
блювання |
ulcer |
мед. виразка |
diarrhoea |
мед. діарея, пронос |
heart attack |
серцевий приступ |
heart stroke |
серцевий удар |
hives |
мед. кропивниця |
medication |
лікування, лікувальний засіб |
to relieve |
полегшувати, послабляти |
to impair |
послабляти |
exhaustion |
виснаження, знесилення |
drug / alcohol abuse |
зловживання наркотиками / алкоголем |
irritability |
дратівливість |
rapid mood swings |
різкі зміни настрою |
compulsive eating |
нездоланний потяг до їжі |
child abuse |
жорстоке поводження з дитиною |
spouse |
чоловік, дружина |
assault |
напад, атака |
to resist |
чинити опір, протидіяти |
reliance on |
опора, надія на щось |
II. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents of the phrases below:
behavioural problems; medical complaints; to rely on medication; to treat symptoms of stress; to relieve the immediate discomfort; to eliminate the stress source; immune system; continual release of stress hormones; to harm the immune system; chemical cortisol; to experience ongoing stress; overwork; hormonal imbalance; to cause exhaustion; to reduce the ability of our immune system to fight disease; external source; to respond defensively; to bury one’s head in the sand; avoidance technique; reliance on alcohol or drugs.
III. Find English equivalents to the following phrases:
шкодити імунній системі; перебувати у стані безперервного стресу; усувати джерело стресу; постійний викид гормонів стресу; надія на наркотики; сховати голову у пісок; порушення гормональної рівноваги; покладатися на лікувальні засоби; імунна система; перевтома; бути причиною виснаження; знизити здатність імунної системи протистояти захворюванню.
IV. Answer the questions:
1. What substance is released by human organism in response to short term / ongoing stress?
2. What are the most common stress related medical complaints?
3. What are the basic ways of our response to stress? Which of them is the most acceptable to you?
4. What are the behavioural symptoms of ongoing stress?
V. Translate into English:
1. Ліки можуть послабити дискомфорт, викликаний стресом, але вони не можуть усунути джерело стресу.
2. Перенавантаження і тривога можуть викликати порушення гормональної рівноваги, що може призвести до виснаження.
3. Імунну систему людини послаблюють постійні викиди гормонів стресу.
4. Постійні викиди кортизолу знижують здатність нашої імунної системи протистояти хворобам.
5. Ми повинні визначити справжню причину стресу і усунути її.