- •Psychology
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Part I. Introducing psychology Text 1. Special Fields of Psychology
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Physiological Psychology
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- •Text 3. Gestalt Psychology
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- •Text 4. Social Psychology
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- •Part II. Family psychology Text 1. Family Relations
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Cohabitation.
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Family Problems
- •Assignments:
- •Text 4. Single-Parent Families
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- •Text 5. Stepfamilies
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Ten Tips for Building a Marriage
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- •Text 7.The Difficult Child
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- •Text 8. Handling Aggressive Children
- •Assignments
- •Агресивні діти
- •Part III. Psychology of sex relations. Behavioral therapies.
- •3.1 Psychology of sex relations Text 1.Can Men and Women Be Friends?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Men and Women Really do Think Differently
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Psychological Problems of Sex Relations
- •Assigments
- •3.2. Behavioral therapies Text 1. The Approaches to Therapy.
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- •Text 2. Reciprocal Inhibition
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- •Text 3. Desensitization in Real Life Situations
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- •Text 4. Other Methods of Treating Psychological Disorders.
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- •Text 5. Assertive Training
- •Assignments
- •Part IV. Temperament. Emotions
- •4.1 Temperament Text1. Personality: What is Temperament?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2.The Four Temperaments in General
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- •Text 3. How to Define Your Temperament
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- •Text 4. Personality and Handwriting
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Left-Handed People
- •Assignments
- •Про що можливо дізнатися з почерку?
- •4.2 Emotions Тext 1. What Are Emotions?
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Kinds of Emotions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Loving
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Fear and Anger
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Long-Тerm Arousal
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. Attributions
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- •Text 7. Locus of Control
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- •Part V. Human feelings. Phobias.
- •5.1 Human feelings. Text 1. Our Feelings as the Motor of Our Life
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. How do We Loose Our Feelings?
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- •Text 3. Negative Feelings
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- •Text 4. Find Constructive Ways to Release Your Anger
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- •Text 5. Shyness is a Common Social Problem
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. What is Modesty?
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- •5.2 Phobias Text 1. Social Phobia
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- •Text 2. Facts about Phobias
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- •Text 3. Social Phobia in Children
- •Text 4. Panic
- •Assignments
- •Part VI. Stress Text 1. Types of Stress
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Common Stress Symptoms
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Stress Areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Priorities in Managing Stress
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 5. Stress Management and Communication
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- •Text 6. Stress Management Techniques
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- •Text 7. Steps to Combat Stress
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- •Part VII.Sleep and dreams. Memory and brain.
- •7.1. Sleep and dreams Text 1. Sleep
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- •Text 2. The Mystery of Sleep
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- •Text 3 . Sweet Dreams
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- •Text 4. The Meaning of Dreams
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- •Text 5. Freud and Dreams
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- •Text 6. Body Clock
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- •7.2 Memory and brain. Text 1. Memory
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- •Text 2. Inside the Brain.
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Hypnotherapy
- •Assignments
- •Part VIII. Psychology of learning. Psychology in work.
- •8.1 Psychology of learning. Text 1. Asociation Learning
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Treating Phobias.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Operant Conditioning
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- •Text 4. Imitation and Modelling
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- •Text 5. Schemas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •Text 6. The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Assignments
- •8.2. Psychology in work Text 1. Psychological Theories about Unemployment and Retirement
- •Latent functions of working
- •Assignments
- •Text 2. Retirement and Responsibility
- •Assignments
- •Text 3. Leadership
- •Assignments
- •Text 4. Choosing People for Jobs
- •Assignments
- •Список літератури
4.2 Emotions Тext 1. What Are Emotions?
Different researchers define emotions differently. There are biologically-oriented researchers who define emotions as very close to simple biological states, or electro-chemical reactions. There are psychologists who define emotions as conscious experience. Most people who study emotions are somewhere in between and they view emotions as a coordinated response system, so that an emotion occurs when there are certain biological, certain experiential, and certain cognitive states which all occur simultaneously.
In other words, emotions operate on many levels. They have a physical aspect as well as a psychological aspect.
According to Mayer, there is evidence that emotions are a motor activity as well. Emotions, then, bridge thought, feeling, and action - they operate in every part of a person, they affect many aspects of the person, and the person affects many aspects of the emotions.
As researchers work to identify the core emotions, the lists vary depending on the researcher's area of focus. Some lists focus on chemicals, some on facial expressions, some on cross-cultural similarities, some on behaviors. In general, researchers agree that there are different kinds of emotions and feelings. There are emotions which are more biologically oriented and then there are complex emotions which are saturated with thoughts and cognition. For example, a more basic-like emotion would be simple sadness, whereas a more cognitively-saturated emotion would be something like guilt, where usually you have to have learned something in order to feel the guilt.
From an educator's viewpoint, this interaction between cognition and emotion opens a portal to a new learning potential. Through that door we can learn to teach about emotions.
So, while we wait for researchers to clarify the systems, it will be useful to have some vocabulary. Here are some ideas about defining emotions and feeling.
What are emotions? Emotions originate from exposure to specific situations. The nature and the intensity of the emotion are usually related to cognitive activity in the form of the perception of the situation. That thought process or perception results in the experience and/or the expression of a related feeling.
If you have a list of core emotions what are they? A number of researchers (Ekman, Friesen, Izard, and others have isolated certain core emotions that are evident among all cultures. Ekman & Friesen have identified six basic emotions: happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, anger, and fear. Fascinating, though is the occurrence of only one positive emotion (happiness) on the list of core emotions! Let's allow ourselves to feel whatever we want to feel-why restrict it to only six options of which five are negative? Due to the close link between emotional experience and creativity I believe there is a wide variety of possible emotional responses to different situations.
Emotions are biologically driven, cross-cultural responses to environmental stimuli.
If you have a list of core emotions what are they? Anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, joy and fear.
What is the difference between emotions and feelings? Emotions are cross cultural─ the same all over the world. Feelings are a subset of all of our mind-body states (disappointment, hunger, hope, etc. There are hundreds of them!). Feelings are a learned response in the culture in which you grow up (the family, the peers, the community, etc.).
Emotions are human beings' warning systems as to what is really going on around them. Emotions are our most reliable indicators of how things are going in our lives. They are also like an internal gyroscope; emotions help keep us on the right track by making sure that we are led by more than cognition.
Emotions are generated in the brain and the brain drives the body. Epictetus stated: "We are disturbed not by things, but by the views we take of things." So first we think, then we feel and then we act. And I think love, guilt, hate, happiness, anger─ all the feeling are byproducts of the actions we take. So love of a child comes from the exhilaration and excitement of the miracle of birth, plus the immeasurable hours of nurture, care, and service to his/her growth and development.
Emotions are the glue that holds the cells of the organism together in the material world, and in the spiritual world they're the glue that holds the classrooms and the society together.