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1. Look at the different uses of these modal verbs.

Possibility

1. When you say something may or might happen or be true, it will possibly happen or be true in the future, but is not certain:

Carol may finish it by tonight.

Things change.

I might even lose my job.

2. Can is used to indicate that it is possible for someone to do something or for something to happen:

Anybody can learn how to use a word processor.

3. You use could to indicate that you think that something is possibly true or is a possible explanation for something:

That could be one reason why it broke.

4. Could is also used with T and 'we' to indicate that something is possible and that you are considering doing it:

I could ask him to help.

I suppose.

We could send the part on Friday.

5. You also use might when you give advice or suggest something:

There are a few things we might compare notes on.

6. Could is also used (usually with 'you') to make a suggestion:

Couldn't you just employ more staff to finish the order?

7. Can is also used to say that something is allowed:

What are the rules for when you can and can't go on holiday?

8. May is used in questions to ask for permission:

May I look around the plant now?

Obligation

9. If you say that someone must or must not do something, you think it is very important for them to do it or not to do it:

You must learn to remain calm under pressure.

You must not use the machine until the green light is on.

10. You tell someone that they have to do something when you are giving them an instruction or telling them how to act:

You have to watch the control lamp, before using the machine.

He'll have to spend a lot of money, if he wants the new model.

11. Have got to is an informal way of saying 'must' or 'have to':

If you want to finish early, you've got to concentrate very hard now.

We've all got to work together on this project.

12. You use should or ought to to say that you think it is a good idea and important for something to be done, and that it would be slightly wrong of you or them not to do it:

Shouldn't you switch that off first?

Oughtn't we to phone for the police?

We ought to order a replacement, oughtn't we?

13. You use ought to or should to say that you think that an action or someone else's behaviour is morally right: They ought to earn more money for all their effort. Somebody ought to do something about it.

14. When you say something need not happen, you mean that it might happen but that it is not necessary that it will happen:

Such tax cuts need not be inflationary.

It needn’t cost very much to produce.

15. If you tell someone they must do something, you may be suggesting that they should do it or inviting them to do it:

You must call on me at the office, when you’re here.

You must come round for a meal some time.

2. Work in pairs. Rewrite each sentence using a modal verb. The first one is done for you as an example.

1. It is vital we get that order. We… must/have got to get that order.

2. We're not able to help you this time. We…

3. If you want the job, it's important to apply soon. You ....

4. Wouldn't it be possible to pay promptly this time?

5. If you have problems after the guarantee runs out, the supplier is not obliged to help.

6. It is not right for that company to get the order.

7. If a machine breaks down under guarantee, it is necessary for the company to repair it without extra charge.

8. Perhaps we'll be able to find the fault, if we look. We ....

9. It is possible for them to sell the shares. They ....

10. Experience is essential for this job. You ....

11. Perhaps the switch is broken. The switch ....

12. After the guarantee period it's only right that they don't charge the full price.