- •To the Readers
- •Shortly About the Author
- •AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF A NOUN
- •THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS
- •REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
- •FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT
- •THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
- •THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
- •SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS
- •FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
- •PLURAL-ONLY NOUNS
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
- •MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS
- •THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF OTHER CHARACTERIZING WORDS - all, the whole
- •GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE CASE SYSTEM
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •ADJECTIVAL TYPE OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE HARD ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PLURAL ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
- •THE DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION AND THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE GENITIVE CASE
- •THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
- •THE GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
- •THE GENITIVE OF TIME
- •THE GENITIVE OF PLACE
- •THE GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
- •THE GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
- •THE GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
- •THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
- •THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
- •THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN VERB
- •THE INFINITIVE AS A BASE FOR THE VERB FORMS
- •THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
- •THE ASPECT
- •THE ASPECT IN THE TENSE SYSTEM
- •THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION
- •THE IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
- •IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY PATTERN
- •THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •FIRST GROUP, REGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
- •THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
- •MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
- •LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
- •USAGE (MEANING) OF THE ASPECTS
- •SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
- •A PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
- •MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
- •MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
- •POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE NEGATIVE OF THE POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- •RUSSIAN WORD ORDER
- •GENERAL REMARKS
- •BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING»
- •THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
- •UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
- •SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •THE TENSE FORMS AND THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE ASPECT PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •COMMON ADVERBS OF MEASURE AND GRADE
- •ADVERBS OF TIME
- •ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
- •THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE COMPOUND NEGATIVE
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GENITIVE OF PERSON
- •SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE CARDINALS
- •«HALVES»
- •THE ORDINAL NUMERALS
- •THE USE OF THE ORDINALS
- •NOUNS BASED ON NUMERALS
- •THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
- •THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
- •THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
- •PREPOSITIONS
- •ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •MOST COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Nouns based on numerals
The Neuter nouns based on numerals are used when talking of anniversaries or historical periods, for example:
десяти|летие - 10-th anniversary, 10-year period пятидесяти|летие - 50-th anniversary ñòî|летие - centennial
двухсот|летие - bicentennial тысяче|летие - millenium
The Feminine nouns are used in evaluation, marking grades, in card games, etc.
единица |
1 |
øåñò¸ðêà |
6 |
двойка |
2 |
ñåì¸ðêà |
7 |
тройка |
3 |
восьм¸рка |
8 |
÷åòâ¸ðêà |
4 |
девятка |
9 |
ïÿò¸ðêà |
5 |
десятка |
10 |
Он получил ïÿò¸ðêó. He got an excellent mark. |
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десяток - a ten |
десяток ÿèö - ten eggs |
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сотня - a hundred |
двойня - twins, тройня - triplets |
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THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
The double numerals îáà/îáå -both deal with two people, two animals or two objects.
The double numeral îáà is used for a group of two Masculine nouns or a group of one Masculine and one Feminine noun, for example:
two people
студент + студент = îáà студента
M. |
M. |
- both students |
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îíè îáà - they both |
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M. F.
студент + студентка = îáà студента
- both students
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îíè îáà - they both |
Numerals |
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two animals |
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M. M. |
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òèãð + òèãð = îáà тигра - both tigers |
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îíè îáà - they both |
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Part 13 |
page 177 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
two objects
M. |
M. |
N. |
N. |
äîì + äîì = îáà äîìà |
îêíî + îêíî = îáà îêíà |
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- both houses |
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- both windows |
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îíè îáà - they both |
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îíè îáà - they both |
The double numeral îáå is used for a group of two Feminine nouns denoting two people, two animals or two objects, for example:
F. F.
девочка + девочка = îáå девочки - both girls 
îíè îáå - they both
F. |
F. |
F. |
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машина + машина = îáå машины |
собака + собака = îáå собаки |
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- both cars |
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- both dogs |
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îíè îáå - they both |
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îíè îáå - they both |
THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
The Indefinite Numerals are as follows:
много - many, much, a lot немного - not many, a few сколько - how many, how much мало - little, few
несколько - several достаточно - enough столько - so many
столько.., сколько - as much.., as
All the Indefinite Numerals exist only in one unchangeable form.
All of them are followed by the Genitive Singular for the Uncountables and the Genitive Plural for the Countables, for example:
Uncountables |
Countables |
Gen. S. |
Gen. Pl. |
много снега - much snow |
много êíèã - many books |
Special case:
много народу - a lot of people h
Notice!
Part 13 |
page 178 |
Numerals
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
Most commonly used Collective Numerals are as follows:
äâ‹å - a group of two òð‹å - a group of three чˆтверо - a group of four
Other Ñollective Numerals:
пятеро - a group of five шˆстеро - a group of six ñˆìåðî - a group of seven
The Collectives are used to denote groups of people either solely male or mixed (male + female), for example:
-Сколько вас? How many are you?
-Íàñ òðîå. We are three.
The Collective Numerals always take the Genitive Plural form of the nouns, adjectival nouns and personal pronouns, for example:
Gen.
Íàñ òðîå. - We are three. - There are three of us. òðîå детей - three children
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The verb combined with the Collective Numerals |
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has the following forms, for example: |
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Íàñ òðîå. - The verb is omitted - We are three. |
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Íàñ áûëî òðîå. - The Neuter form |
- We were three. |
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Future |
Íàñ будет òðîå. - The 3-d person Sing. - We will be three. |
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Part 13 |
page 179 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Part 14 |
Prepositions |
Prepositions are small but important words. They belong to the class of «governors» - words which change (govern) the case forms. Further you will find the list of most common prepositions and their uses given in the alphabetical order.
You will also discover that many prepositions can govern different cases and can have different meanings.
áåç + Gen.
без сахара - without sugar
â+ Acc.
ßåäó в Лондон. - I am going to London.
В пятницу ÿ åäó в Лондон. - I will go to London on Friday.
â + Prep.
ßæèâó в Москве. - I live in Moscow.
ßродился â ìàå. - I was born in May.
вместе с + Instr.
ß åäó вместе с братом. - I go with my brother.
вместо + Gen.
Он будет играть вместо меня. - He will play instead of me.
äëÿ + Gen.
бумага для принтера - paper for the printer Ýòî äëÿ ìåíÿ новость. - That`s news to me.
Part 14 |
page 180 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
äî + Gen.
Как доехать до вокзала? - How can I get to the railway station? Он работает äî ïÿòè. - He works tilI five.
До завтра! - See you tomorrow!
çà + Acc.
Мы доехали туда çà ÷àñ. - It took us an hour to get there. Надо заказать билеты за неделю. -
You have to reserve the tickets a week in advance. ß ðàä çà âàñ. - I am glad for you.
Спасибо за помощь. - Thank you for your help.
Надо заплатить за телефон. - You have to pay the telephone bill. ñ÷¸ò çà - bill for
Он купил эту книгу за 100 долларов. - He bought this book for hundred dollars.
çà + Instr.
Машина стоит за домом. - The car is behind the house. Я еду на вокзал за билетами.
-I am going to the railway station to buy the tickets. Я заеду çà âàìè рано утром.
-I will come to fetch you early in the morning.
èç + Gen.
Я выхожу èç äîìà â 7. - I leave home at seven.
Все детали сделаны из дерева. - All parts are made of wood. Некоторые èç íàñ поедут летом в Италию.
- Some of us will go to Italy this summer.
Part 14 |
page 181 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
èç-çà + Gen.
Все вышли èç-çà стола. - Everyone left the table.
Я опоздал èç-çà пробки. - I came late because of a traffic-jam.
ê(êî) + Dat.
Приезжайте êî ìíå в гости. - Come to see me. Мы подъехали к Москве поздно вечером.
- We approached Moscow late at night. Я приеду ê äâóì. - I will come by two.
кроме + Gen.
Îí åñò âñ¸, кроме рыбы.
- He eats everything except fish.
между + Instr.
хоккейный матч между Швецией и Канадой
- hockey match between Sweden and Canada
ìèìî + Gen.
Мы проехали мимо вокзала. - We drove past the railway station.
íà + Acc.
ßåäó на вокзал. - I am going to the railway station.
ßиду завтра на концерт.
-I am going to the concert tomorrow. ß åäó íà òðè äíÿ â Íüþ-Éîðê.
-I will go for three days to New York.
Part 14 |
page 182 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
íà + Prep.
Он сейчас на работе. - He is now at work.
Они сейчас на дискотеке. - They are at the disco now. Íà ïîëó âîäà. - There is some water on the floor.
На следующей неделе я еду в Париж. - I will go to Paris next week.
íàä + Instr.
Над входом висит колокольчик. - There is a bell over the entrance.
Он работает над новой книгой. - He works on a new book.
î (îá, îáî) + Prep.
Мы говорили о проблемах. - We spoke about the problems. Î ÷¸ì этот фильм? - What is this film about?
около + Gen.
около дома - near the house
около ста долларов - about hundred dollars
îò + Gen.
Я получил письмо от Николая. - I got a letter from Nikolay. êëþ÷ от машины - key to the car
лекарство от аллергии - anti-allergic medicine
Мы ехали от Бостона на машине. - We drove from Boston by car.
От Москвы до Киева 700 километров.
- It is seven hundred kilometers from Moscow to Kiev.
Part 14 |
page 183 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
перед + Instr.
Он стоял перед нами. - He stood in front of us.
Мы поговорим перед уроком. - We will talk before the lesson.
ïî + Dat.
Он много ездит по России. - He travels a lot about Russia. Экзамен по русскому языку - Russian exam
по утрам - in the mornings
по закону - according to the law Он сейчас говорит по телефону. - He is talking on the phone now.
ïîä + Acc.
Îí поставил ÿùèê ïîä ñòîë. - He put the box under the table.
ïîä + Instr.
ßùèê стоит под столом. - The box is under the table.
после + Gen.
Я приеду после обеда. - I will come after lunch.
ïðî + Acc.
Он рассказал про свою поездку. - He told about his trip.
ñ+ Instr.
ßåäó с братом. - I go with my brother.
ßучился ñ íèì в школе. - He is my schoolmate. (lit. I studied with him at school.)
ßне люблю чай с молоком. - I don`t like tea with milk.
Part 14 |
page 184 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
ó + Gen.
Ó ìåíÿ есть собака. - I have a dog. Я буду ждать вас у входа.
- I`ll be waiting for you at the entrance.
через + Acc.
Мы летим в Москву через Франкфурт. - We wilI fly to Moscow via Frankfurt.
Мы поедем через центр. - We wilI go through the center. Я приеду через час. - I wilI come in an hour.
THE NOUN COMBINABILITY OF PREPOSITIONS â and íà
The choice of the Accusative or the Prepositional after â and íà is described in Part 6 and in the beginning of this Part.
Below you`ll find the examples which show what nouns and noun groups can combine with these prepositions.
The primary use of prepositions â and íà
â + Acc./Prep. - in, into, inside
Он положил ключ в карман. - He put the key into the pocket. Ключ лежит в кармане. - The key is in the pocket.
íà + Acc./Prep. - on, on to, on top of, on the surface
Я положил ключ íà ñòîë. - I put the key on the table. Ключ лежит на столе. - The key is on the table.
Part 14 |
page 185 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
More complicated use of prepositions â and íà
The preposition â + Acc./Prep. is used with nouns denoting:
continents:
Европа, Азия, Америка, Африка, Австралия, Антарктида,
countries: Россия, США, Франция, Великобритания, Германия etc.,
territories and administrative units:
Якутия, Аризона, Московская область, Сибирь, Крым etc.,
towns, various settlements and their parts:
Москва, Нью-Йорк, Лондон, Париж, Шереметьево, Измайлово, Гарлем, центр - center, downtown, пригород - suburbs etc.,
some town and settlement features (objects):
переулок - lane, парк - park, сад - garden, двор - yard etc.,
most of workplaces, public places, organizations and buildings:
школа, парламент, банк, магазин, музей, аэропорт, фирма etc.,
organized groups of people: класс, группа, колхоз, армия, лагерь - camp, отдел - department etc.,
buildings and their parts: здание - building, дом, корпус - building, подъезд - entrance, холл - entrance hall, коридор - corridor, зал - large hall, комната - room, all other names of rooms, класс - classroom, подвал - cellar etc.,
some activity (limited group): отпуск - leave, vacation, командировка - business trip, турпоездка - tourist trip etc.,
some natural features: лес - forest, woods, горы - mountains, hills, тайга - taiga woods etc.,
some mountain ranges, mostly with the Plural names:
Альпы, Гималаи, Карпаты etc.
Part 14 |
page 186 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The Preposition íà + Acc./Prep. is used with nouns denoting:
islands, some island countries and peninsulas:
Кипр -Cyprus, Куба, Балканы, Гавайи
but Япония - Japan, Исландия - Iceland are used with â
some mountain ranges and territories: Кавказ, Памир, Урал, Алтай etc.,
town and settlement features, some organizations, activity areas:
улица - street, площадь - square, шоссе - highway,
проспект - prospect, avenue, набережная - embankment, бульвар - boulevard
мост - bridge, остановка - stop, station,
станция - (railway) station, стоянка - parking, заправка - filling station, окраина - outskirts, вокзал - railroad station, рынок - market,
почта - post-office, стадион - stadium, склад - warehouse,
стройка - construction site, завод, фабрика - factory, спортплощадка - sports ground, футбольное поле - soccer field, теннисный корт - tennis court,
Part 14
Prepositions
page 187
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
some events or organized activity - |
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работа - work, |
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концерт - concert, |
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экзамен - exam, |
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спектакль - performance, |
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Eugenia |
собрание - meeting, |
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переговоры - negotiations, |
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день рождения - birthday party, |
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экскурсия - tour, |
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óðîê - lesson, |
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лекция - lecture etc. |
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some parts of buildings - |
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чердак - attic, |
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крыльцо - porch, |
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лестница - stairs, staircase, |
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ýòàæ - floor, |
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балкон - balcony, |
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some organizational units - |
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отделение - department, |
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факультет - faculty, |
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кафедра - chair, |
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курсы - course. |
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Preposition íà is used with the following words: |
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радио - radio, |
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телевидение - television, |
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пенсия - pension, retirement, |
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родина - motherland, |
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Ðóñü - Rus, |
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äà÷à - summer cottage. |
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Part 14 |
page 188 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Nouns used with both prepositions
Many nouns can be used with both prepositions, but only few of them are used without significant meaning difference:
каникулы - school/university vacation кухня - kitchen
ôëîò - navy
E.g. íà кухне = â кухне
Many nouns are used with both prepositions but with meaning difference:
E.g. vehicles íà автобусе - going by bus
â автобусе - inside a bus
Prepositions èç and ñ as correlated to â and íà
â + Acc.
â+ Prep.
èç + Gen.
from, out of
â+ Acc.
ßеду завтра â Íüþ-Éîðê.
I will go to New York tomorrow.
â+ Prep.
ßáóäó â Нью-Йорке òðè äíÿ.
I will stay for three days in New York.
èç + Gen.
Я вернусь èç Нью-Йорка в воскресенье. I will come back from New York on Sunday.
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ñ + Gen. |
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íà + Prep. from, down from |
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íà + Acc. |
íà + Prep. |
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Я люблю ходить на хоккей. |
Вчера я был на хоккее. |
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I like going to hockey. |
I was at hockey yesterday. |
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ßвернулся с хоккея поздно.
I came home late from hockey.
Part 14 |
page 189 |
Prepositions
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Part 15 |
Ñonjunctions |
Conjunctions are invariable words linking parts of sentences or sentences together in some logical order.
There are two main types of conjunctions:
Coordinating and Subordinating
Coordinating conjunctions
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include |
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connective |
adversative |
disjunctive |
è - and |
íî - but |
èëè - or |
è... è - both, and |
à - but |
èëè, èëè - either, or |
íè... íè - neither, nor |
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à - and |
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Connective conjunctions |
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è - and |
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Мне надо купить ручку è блокнот. |
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I have to buy a pen and a pad. |
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è... è - both... and |
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Мне надо купить è ручку, è блокнот. |
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I have to buy both a pen and a pad. |
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íè.., íè - neither.., nor |
Conjunctions |
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Он не приехал íè |
вчера, íè сегодня. |
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He came neither yesterday nor today. |
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à - and (used in the |
beginning of a sentence) |
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À куда вы сейчас ид¸те? And where are you going now? |
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Part 15 |
page 190 |
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