- •To the Readers
- •Shortly About the Author
- •AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF A NOUN
- •THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS
- •REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
- •FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT
- •THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
- •THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
- •SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS
- •FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
- •PLURAL-ONLY NOUNS
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
- •MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS
- •THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF OTHER CHARACTERIZING WORDS - all, the whole
- •GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE CASE SYSTEM
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •ADJECTIVAL TYPE OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE HARD ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PLURAL ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
- •THE DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION AND THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE GENITIVE CASE
- •THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
- •THE GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
- •THE GENITIVE OF TIME
- •THE GENITIVE OF PLACE
- •THE GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
- •THE GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
- •THE GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
- •THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
- •THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
- •THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN VERB
- •THE INFINITIVE AS A BASE FOR THE VERB FORMS
- •THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
- •THE ASPECT
- •THE ASPECT IN THE TENSE SYSTEM
- •THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION
- •THE IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
- •IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY PATTERN
- •THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •FIRST GROUP, REGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
- •THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
- •MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
- •LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
- •USAGE (MEANING) OF THE ASPECTS
- •SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
- •A PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
- •MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
- •MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
- •POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE NEGATIVE OF THE POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- •RUSSIAN WORD ORDER
- •GENERAL REMARKS
- •BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING»
- •THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
- •UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
- •SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •THE TENSE FORMS AND THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE ASPECT PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •COMMON ADVERBS OF MEASURE AND GRADE
- •ADVERBS OF TIME
- •ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
- •THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE COMPOUND NEGATIVE
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GENITIVE OF PERSON
- •SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE CARDINALS
- •«HALVES»
- •THE ORDINAL NUMERALS
- •THE USE OF THE ORDINALS
- •NOUNS BASED ON NUMERALS
- •THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
- •THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
- •THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
- •PREPOSITIONS
- •ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •MOST COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Some other verbs with the same peculiarities in the Past Tense formation:
Infinitive |
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Past Tense forms |
расти - |
to grow - |
рос, росла, росло, росли |
спасти - |
to save, |
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to rescue - |
спас, спасла, спасло, спасли |
цвести - |
to bloom - |
цв¸л, цвела, цвело, цвели |
трясти - |
to shake - |
тряс, трясла, трясло, трясли |
мести - |
to sweep - |
ì¸ë, ìåëà, ìåëî, ìåëè |
грести - |
to row - |
гр¸б, гребла, гребли |
влезть - |
to climb up - влез, влезла, влезло, влезли |
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ползти - |
to crawl - |
полз, ползла, ползло, ползли |
The above mentioned verbs can have different prefixes |
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or meanings, but their Past Tense Formation retains |
Notice! |
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the same peculiarities. |
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THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
Depending on the Aspect of a verb, there are 2 ways to form the Future Tense:
The Compound Future for the Imperfectives and
The Simple Future for the Perfectives
THE COMPOUND FUTURE FOR THE IMPERFECTIVES consists of two verbs:
The Future Tense |
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The Imperfective |
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of the verb |
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«áûòü» - to be |
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Infinitive |
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So, ÿ |
áóäó смотреть |
ìû будем смотреть |
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òû |
будешь смотреть вы будете смотреть |
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îí |
будет смотреть |
îíè будут смотреть |
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Summary
So, the Imperfective verbs have the following Tense forms:
PAST TENSE |
PRESENT TENSE |
FUTURE TENSE |
ÿ смотрел |
ÿ смотрю |
ÿ буду смотреть |
Part 7 |
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page 111 |
Verbs
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
THE SIMPLE FUTURE FOR THE PERFECTIVES consists of one verb.
In most of the cases the Perfectives borrow the patterns of their Future Tense formation from the Imperfective Present Tense Forms:
The Present Tense Form of the Imperfective:
ß смотрю.
The Future Tense Form of the Perfective:
ß ïîсмотрю.
Summary
So, the Perfective verbs have the following Tense forms:
PAST TENSE |
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FUTURE TENSE |
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посмотрел |
посмотрю |
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The Future Perfectives follow all the patterns |
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of the Present Imperfectives of the same root. |
Notice! |
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Here are some difficult forms of the Future Perfectives:
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äàòü - to give |
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продать - to sell |
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ÿ äàì |
мы дадим |
я продам |
мы продадим |
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- I will give |
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- I will sell |
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òû äàøü |
вы дадите |
ты продашь |
вы продадите |
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îí äàñò |
они дадут |
он продаст |
они продадут |
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начать - to start, to begin |
понять - to understand |
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я начну |
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ìû íà÷í¸ì |
я пойму |
ìû ïîéì¸ì |
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- I will start |
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- I will understand |
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òû íà÷í¸øü |
âû íà÷í¸òå |
òû ïîéì¸øü |
âû ïîéì¸òå |
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îí íà÷í¸ò |
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они начнут |
îí ïîéì¸ò |
они поймут |
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взять - to take |
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встать - to get up |
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я возьму |
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мы возьм¸м |
я встану |
мы встанем |
Verbs |
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- I will take |
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- I will get up |
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ты возьм¸шь |
вы возьм¸те |
ты встанешь вы встанете |
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он возьм¸т |
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они возьмут |
он встанет |
они встанут |
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Part 7 |
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page 112 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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сесть - to sit, to take a sit |
найти - to find |
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ÿ ñÿäó |
мы сядем |
я найду |
ìû íàéä¸ì |
- I will sit |
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- I will find |
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ты сядешь |
вы сядете |
òû íàéä¸øü |
âû íàéä¸òå |
он сядет |
они сядут |
îí íàéä¸ò |
они найдут |
перевести - to translate |
приехать - to arrive |
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я переведу |
мы перевед¸м |
я приеду |
мы приедем |
- I will translate |
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- I will arrive |
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ты перевед¸шь |
вы перевед¸те |
ты приедешь |
вы приедете |
он перевед¸т |
они переведут |
он приедет |
они приедут |
придти - to come |
сказать - to say, to tell |
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я приду |
ìû ïðèä¸ì |
я скажу |
мы скажем |
- I will come |
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- I will tell |
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òû ïðèä¸øü |
âû ïðèä¸òå |
ты скажешь |
вы скажете |
îí ïðèä¸ò |
они придут |
он скажет |
они скажут |
показать - to show
я покажу |
мы покажем |
- I will show |
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ты покажешь |
вы покажете |
он покажет |
они покажут |
THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
When asking people to do things Russians make such requests with a form of the verb called the Imperative + the word «пожалуйста» (please).
FORMATION OF THE IMPERATIVE
Both Aspects may have the Imperatives. There are 3 possible endings for the Imperative:
-éòå
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If you are speaking |
-‰òå |
} to someone you call «âû» |
-üòå |
If you are speaking to someone called òû, drop the -òå. |
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The basis for the Infinitive is the Present Tense Stem. |
Откройòå! «âû» form, Открой! «òû» form.
Part 7 |
page 113 |
Verbs
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
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купить |
to buy |
êóï- |
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êóï‰(òå) |
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The most common ending IS -‰(òå). |
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Use it if a stem ends in a consonant. |
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Infinitive |
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Present Stem |
Imperative |
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сказать |
to say, to tell |
ñêàç- ç/æ |
ñêàæ‰(òå) |
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Eugenia |
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простить |
to forgive |
прост- |
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прост‰(òå) |
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написать |
to write down |
напиш- ñ/ø |
напиш‰(òå) |
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приходить |
to come |
приход- |
приход‰(òå) |
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èäòè |
to go |
èä- |
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èä‰(òå) |
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подождать |
to wait |
подожд- |
подожд‰(òå) |
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говорить |
to talk, to speak |
говор- |
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говор‰(òå) |
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позвонить |
to call |
позвон- |
позвон‰(òå) |
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принести |
to bring |
принес- |
принес‰(òå) |
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входить |
to enter |
âõîä- |
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âõîä‰(òå) |
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помочь |
to help |
помог- ÷/ã |
помог‰(òå) |
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vowel stem + -é(òå) |
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Infinitive |
Imperative |
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÷èòàòü ÷èòàé(òå) |
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Infinitive |
Present Stem Imperative |
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открыть |
to open |
откро- û/î |
äàòü |
to give |
äà- |
передать |
to pass |
переда- |
узнать |
to find out |
óçíà- |
The rarest ending is -ü(òå),
it is used also after the consonant stems:
забыть - to forget |
забудü(òå) |
ответить - to answer |
ответü(òå) |
áûòü - to be |
áóäü(òå) |
откроé(òå) äàé(òå) передаé(òå) óçíàé(òå)
Special case!
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If the verb is reflexive it retains the reflexive ending ñÿ/ñü: |
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садитьñÿ вернутьñÿ |
Notice! |
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Садитеñü! / Ñàäèñü! Have a seat! |
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Вернитеñü! / Верниñü! Come back! |
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Part 7 |
page 114 |
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Verbs