- •To the Readers
- •Shortly About the Author
- •AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF A NOUN
- •THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS
- •REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
- •FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT
- •THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
- •THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
- •SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS
- •FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
- •PLURAL-ONLY NOUNS
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
- •MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS
- •THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF OTHER CHARACTERIZING WORDS - all, the whole
- •GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE CASE SYSTEM
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •ADJECTIVAL TYPE OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE HARD ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PLURAL ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
- •THE DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION AND THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE GENITIVE CASE
- •THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
- •THE GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
- •THE GENITIVE OF TIME
- •THE GENITIVE OF PLACE
- •THE GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
- •THE GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
- •THE GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
- •THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
- •THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
- •THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN VERB
- •THE INFINITIVE AS A BASE FOR THE VERB FORMS
- •THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
- •THE ASPECT
- •THE ASPECT IN THE TENSE SYSTEM
- •THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION
- •THE IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
- •IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY PATTERN
- •THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •FIRST GROUP, REGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
- •THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
- •MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
- •LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
- •USAGE (MEANING) OF THE ASPECTS
- •SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
- •A PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
- •MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
- •MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
- •POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE NEGATIVE OF THE POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- •RUSSIAN WORD ORDER
- •GENERAL REMARKS
- •BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING»
- •THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
- •UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
- •SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •THE TENSE FORMS AND THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE ASPECT PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •COMMON ADVERBS OF MEASURE AND GRADE
- •ADVERBS OF TIME
- •ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
- •THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE COMPOUND NEGATIVE
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GENITIVE OF PERSON
- •SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE CARDINALS
- •«HALVES»
- •THE ORDINAL NUMERALS
- •THE USE OF THE ORDINALS
- •NOUNS BASED ON NUMERALS
- •THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
- •THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
- •THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
- •PREPOSITIONS
- •ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •MOST COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
|
Part 9 |
Verbs of Motion |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
GENERAL REMARKS |
|
|
|
|
|
The group of motion verbs in Russian is quite big. It presents a |
|
|
|||
|
|
certain difficulty for a foreign learner. The group of motion verbs |
|
|
|||
|
|
embraces such types as «going», «carrying», «flying», «leading», |
|
|
|||
|
|
«running» and many other types of verbs. |
|
|
|||
|
|
Many of these verbs can be used in a special meaning, not denoting |
|
|
|||
|
|
the motion as such. |
|
|
|||
|
|
This chapter |
deals with a big group of non-prefixed and prefixed |
|
|
||
|
|
«going» verbs and with the most common prefixed verbs of |
|
|
|||
|
|
«carrying» and «flying». |
|
|
|||
|
|
Non-Prefixed «going» verbs |
|
|
|||
|
|
In contrast to the prefixed verbs of «going» which mainly follow the |
|
|
|||
|
|
standard grammatical verb characteristics, non-prefixed «going» |
|
|
|||
|
|
verbs cannot be easily «pigeon-holed». |
|
|
|||
|
|
The category of the Aspect cannot be successfuly and logically applied |
|
|
|||
|
|
to non-prefixed verbs of «going». |
|
|
|||
|
|
In connection with «going» and «carrying» verbs, we have to mention |
|
Motion |
|||
|
|
||||||
|
|
such a phenomenon as «pairing» of the verbs: each element of the |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
pair differs in submeaning but has the same grammatical usage. |
|
|
|||
|
|
Further you will find the basic forms of the pairs of non-prefixed |
|
|
|||
|
|
«going» verbs and the description of their submeaning differences. |
|
Verbs of |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 9 |
page 133 |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
|
||
Nekrasova |
BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING» |
|
||
First Pair |
|
|
|
|
Present & Future Tense |
|
|
||
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
Eugenia |
ÿ èäó |
ÿ åäó |
|
|
/я пойду |
|
|
||
/ÿ ïîåäó |
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Second Pair |
|
|
|
|
Present & Future Tense |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
ÿ õîæó |
ÿ åçæó |
|
|
|
/ ÿ áóäó |
/ ÿ áóäó |
|
|
|
ходить |
åздить |
|
|
Third Pair |
|
|
|
|
Past Tense |
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
я ходил |
ÿ åçäèë |
|
|
|
Summing-up pair |
|
|
Motion |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
èäòè |
åõàòü |
|
|
|
of |
||
|
Infinitives |
/пойти |
/ïîåõàòü |
|
|
|
/ходить |
/åздить |
Verbs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 9 |
|
page 134 |
|
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
PAIR-DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
1 идти/пойти, ходить |
1 |
These verbs are used in two cases: |
|
When a person goes on foot (some walking distances), for example:
ßèäó спать.
-I am going to bed. ß èäó гулять.
-I am going for a walk.
When a person visits some «places of interest» within the city limits, like theater,cinema, stadium, restaurant, exhibition, concert, friends, school, university, work, doctor etc., for example:
Сегодня я èäó в театр.
-I am going to the theater tonight. Вчера я не ходил в школу.
-I did not go to school yesterday.
2 |
PAIR - DIFFERENCE IN MEANING |
|
2 ехать/поехать, ездить («e» verbs)
These verbs are used when a person travels with a help of car, train, subway, bus, tram, bicycle, horse etc.
This group is always used when a person travels beyond the city limits, for example:
ß åäó íà äà÷ó.
I am going to my summer cottage. ß ездил в Испанию.
I have been to Spain.
Part 9 |
page 135 |
Verbs of Motion
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
To be used properly non-prefixed «going»verbs have to be divided as follows:
|
|
Verbs of |
|
single motion |
|
|
|
|
Unidirectional verbs |
|
Verbs of habitual |
|
|
/repeated motion |
|
|
Verbs of |
|
|
|
Multidirectional verbs |
|
motion in progress |
Verbs of general ability or capacity
Verbs with special (figurative) meaning
UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS |
|
|
Verbs of single motion |
First Pair |
|
Present and Future Tense |
ÿ èäó |
ÿ åäó |
|
/пойду |
/поеду |
The verbs of the first pair describe a single (one-time) motion in a definite direction (visits), either actually taking place at a given time or planned to be accomplished, for example:
Мы сегодня вечером èä¸ì в театр. We are going to the theater tonight.
Через неделю я åäó/поеду в Лондон. I am going to London in a week.
Part 9 |
page 136 |
Verbs of Motion
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Here are the Present and the Future Tense forms of unidirectional verbs of a single motion.
ÿ èäó |
ìû èä¸ì |
ÿ ˆäó |
ìû ˆäåì |
òû èä¸øü |
âû èä¸òå |
òû ˆäåøü |
âû ˆäåòå |
îí èä¸ò |
îíè èäóò |
îí ˆäåò |
îíè ˆäóò |
я пойду |
ìû ïîéä¸ì |
ÿ ïîˆäó |
ìû ïîˆäåì |
òû ïîéä¸øü |
âû ïîéä¸òå |
òû ïîˆäåøü |
âû ïîˆäåòå |
îí ïîéä¸ò |
они пойдут |
îí ïîˆäåò |
îíè ïîˆäóò |
These verbs usually combine with the following time-expressions:
сейчас - now |
через неделю, месяц, ãîä |
сегодня - today |
- in a week, month, year |
завтра - tomorrow |
на следующей неделе, в следующем |
скоро - soon |
месяце, ãîäó - next week, month, year |
âянваре - in January etc.
Verbs of habitual/repeated motion
Present and Future Tense |
Second Pair |
|
|
|
|
|
ÿ õîæó |
ÿ åçæó |
|
/ÿ áóäó |
|
|
/ ÿ áóäó |
|
|
ходить |
|
|
ездить |
|
|
|
The verbs of the second pair are used to describe motion in a definite direction when it is repeated or habitual:
E.g. Я каждую субботу õîæó в бассейн. I go to the pool every Saturday.
Я часто åçæó в Лондон. I often visit London.
|
The following time-expressions accompany the verbs: |
Motion |
|||
|
часто - often |
каждый день - every day |
|||
|
всегда - always |
каждую неделю - every week |
|||
|
обычно - usually |
каждый месяц - every month |
|||
|
of |
||||
|
иногда - sometimes |
каждый год - every year etc. |
|||
|
раз в неделю - once a week |
|
|
Verbs |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
через день - every other day |
|
|
||
|
по субботам - on Saturdays, etc. |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 9 |
page 137 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Here are the Present and the Future Tense forms of unidirectional verbs of the repeated/habitual motion:
Present Tense |
Future Tense |
|
|
ÿ õîæ˜ |
ìû õ‹äèì |
я буду ходить |
мы будем ходить |
òû õ‹äèøü âû õ‹äèòå |
ты будешь ходить |
вы будете ходить |
|
îí õ‹äèò |
îíè õ‹äÿò |
он будет ходить |
они будут ходить |
Present Tense |
Future Tense |
|
|
ÿ ˆçæó |
ìû ˆçäèì |
я буду ездить |
мы будем ездить |
ты ˆздишь вы ˆздите |
ты будешь ездить вы будете ездить |
||
îí ˆçäèò |
îíè ˆçäÿò |
он будет ездить |
они будут ездить |
and
The Past Tense forms of verbs of both single and habitual/repeated motion (within the unidirectional verbs)
It so happened that both groups of verbs (single motion and habitual/repeated motion) have one and the same Past Tense forms:
Present & Future |
Present & Future |
Single motion in a definite direction |
Repeated or habitual motion |
|
in a definite direction |
Я завтра èäó/пойду |
ß õîæó/буду ходить каждый день |
Я завтра åäó/поеду |
ß åçæó/буду ездить каждый день |
Past Tense
Вчера/каждый день я ходил Вчера/каждый день я ездил M. ÿ, îí, òû ходил, ездил
F. ÿ, îíà, òû ходила, ездила Pl.&Pol. ìû, âû, îíè ходили, ездили
Part 9
Verbs of Motion
page 138
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The Present and the Past Tense Forms of Verbs denoting
Motion in Progress (within the unidirectional verbs)
The following verbs and time-expressions are used for that:
Present Tense |
|
сейчас - now |
|
ÿ èäó/ÿ åäó |
+ |
долго - for a long time |
|
Past Tense |
медленно - slowly |
||
|
|||
ÿ ø¸ë/ÿ åõàë |
|
быстро - fast, quickly |
For example:
Когда ÿ ø¸ë/ÿ åõàë домой, я встретил Наташу. When I was going/driving home I met Natasha.
Here are the Tense forms:
Present Tense |
|
ÿ èäó / ˆäó |
ìû èä¸ì/ˆäåì |
òû èä¸øü/ˆäåøü |
âû èä¸òå/ˆäåòå |
îí èä¸ò/ˆäåò |
îíè èä˜ò/ˆäóò |
Past Tense
я, он, ты ш¸л/ехал я, она, ты шла/ехала вс¸ шло, ехало
мы, вы, они шли/ехали
Multidirectional «going» verbs
The verbs ходить and ездить are used to denote visiting different places, for example:
|
Ìû целый день ходили по магазинам. |
|
|||
|
We were shopping (going round the shops) the whole day. |
|
|||
|
Ìû несколько часов ездили по городу. |
Motion |
|||
|
We were driving |
about the city for several hours. |
|||
|
|
||||
|
|
|
Present Tense |
|
|
|
|
|
я хожу/езжу целый день |
of |
|
|
|
|
Future Tense |
||
|
|
|
я буду ходить/ездить целый день |
Verbs |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
Past Tense |
||
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
я ходил/ездил целый день |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 9 |
page 139 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
«Going» verbs denoting ability or capacity to perform an action
(or used when talking of likes and dislikes)
Only the verbs ходить and ездить are used in these meanings, for example:
Ìîÿ äî÷ü начала ходить, когда ей было 10 месяцев. My daughter started to walk when she was 10 months old. Наташа не умеет ездить на велосипеде.
Natasha cannot ride a bicycle.
ßне люблю ездить на метро. I don`t like going by subway.
ßлюблю ходить пешком. I like walking.
Here are some other common verbs of motion used in these meanings:
ßне люблю бегать. - I dislike jogging.
ßне умею плавать. - I cannot swim.
ßне умею водить машину. - I cannot drive a car.
ßлюблю кататься на лыжах. - I like skiing.
Non-prefixed «going»verbs with special (figurative) meaning
Here we use the following forms:
Present - èä¸ò, èäóò
Past - ø¸ë, øëà, øëî, øëè Future - ïîéä¸ò, пойдут
or будет идти, будут идти
Some examples:
Èä¸ò фильм. - The film is on. Èä¸ò óðîê. - The lesson is on. Èä¸ò ñíåã. - It is snowing.
Эта шапка вам èä¸ò. - This cap suits you. Время èä¸ò быстро. -Time goes fast.
Part 9 |
page 140 |
Verbs of Motion