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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
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Nouns denoting males («natural masculines») are Masculine:Notice! |
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THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS |
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A very big group of nouns ending in -Ü (soft sign) could be either |
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Feminine or Masculine. |
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The Gender of these nouns could be found in the dictionaries. h |
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Eugenia |
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ãîñòü - guest, âîä‰òåëü - driver, ó÷‰òåëü - teacher, |
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ïèñ‚òåëü - writer, öàðü - Tzar, êîð‹ëü - king, |
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âðàò‚ðü - goalkeeper etc. |
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Names of months ending in -ü are all Masculine: |
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ÿíâ‚ðü - January, ôåâð‚ëü - February, etc. |
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«Natural» feminines are all Feminine:
ìàòü - mother, äî÷ü - daughter etc.
Nouns ending in -çíü, -ñòü, -ñü are Feminine:
æèçíü - life |
í‹âîñòü - news ï‹äïèñü - signature etc. |
The Gender of other soft sign nouns h
has to be learned individually.
Notice!
REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A noun could be replaced by the following personal pronouns depending on the established gender:
Masculine nouns by îí - he, it
Ãäå âàø äðóã? |
Âîò îí. |
Ãäå âàø äîì? |
Âîò îí. |
Feminine nouns by îí‚ - she, it
Ãäå â‚øà ìàø‰íà? Âîò îí‚.
Ãäå â‚øà ì‚ìà? |
Âîò îí‚. |
Neuter nouns by îí‹ - it |
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Ãäå â‚øå ìˆñòî? Âîò îí‹. |
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Ãäå ¬òî çä‚íèå? Âîò îí‹. |
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Part 1 |
page 3 |
The Gender Agreement of Russian Nouns in the Singular
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
All the place names could be divided into 2 groups:
First group
The place names have the endings which formally fit the Russian system of endings:
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M. Кит‚й, Тайл‚нд, Вьетн‚м, Ам˜р, Енисˆй - îí |
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F. Ðîññ‰ÿ, Ôèíëµíäèÿ, Àìˆðèêà, ‹ëãà - îí‚ |
Singular |
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N. Ïðèì‹ðüå - îí‹ |
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Second group |
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There are many place names which do not fit the Russian system of |
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endings: |
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Áàê˜, Ñ‹÷è, Òáèë‰ñè, Хˆльсинкè, Ìèññ˜ðè, Òà‰òè, Ò‹êèî, Îíò‚ðèî |
the |
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These words exist only in |
this unchangeable (indeclinable) form. Their |
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gender is established in a special way (through association with the |
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«generic» word). |
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Nouns |
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FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT |
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There is a group of nouns of foreign origin in Russian which do not decline. |
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E.g. |
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Russian |
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øîññˆ - highway |
ð‚äèî - radio (set) |
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ìåòð‹ - subway |
êèí‹ - movies, cinema |
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òàêñ‰ - taxi, cab |
ательˆ - studio,dress shop |
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êàôˆ - cafe |
áþð‹ - office |
of |
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êóïˆ - compartment |
интервью - interview |
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Agreement |
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пальт‹ - overcoat etc. |
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All these words are Neuter and their Gender agreement and pronoun |
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replacement is Neuter. |
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E.g. |
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М‰нское øîññˆ - Minsk highway - oí‹ |
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интерˆсное интервью - interesting interview - îí‹ |
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í‹âîå пальт‹ - new overcoat - îí‹ |
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but ãîðµ÷èé ê‹ôå - Masculine - hot coffee h |
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Notice! |
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Part 1 |
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page 4 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS
AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE SINGULAR
The adjectives and adjectival words are registered in the dictionaries in the Masculine.
You can make other gender forms on your own if you follow the rules which will be stipulated further.
The gender agreement between nouns and adjectives
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The Masculine adjectival endings which a foreign learner may trace from the |
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dictionary are as follows: |
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Singular |
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-ûé like in í‹âûé - new, èçâˆñòíûé - famous |
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-îé like in больш‹é - big, large, ïëîõ‹é - bad, дорог‹é - |
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expensive, dear |
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the |
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-èé like in ð˜ññêèé - Russian, àíãë‰éñêèé - English, õîð‹øèé - |
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good, м‚ленькèé - small, little, ïîñëˆäíèé - last |
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in |
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So, these adjectives can be attached to the nouns the gender of |
Nouns |
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which is marked or established as Masculine, for example: |
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Masculine adjective + Masculine noun |
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Russian |
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больш‹é + äîì |
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M. |
M. |
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í‹âûé + äîì |
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M. |
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M. |
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of |
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õîð‹øèé + äîì |
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Agreement |
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Feminine adjective + Feminine noun |
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To make a Feminine adjective to attach it to a Feminine noun, you have to |
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replace Masculine endings by -àÿ ending. |
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ûé, îé, èé àÿ |
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E.g. |
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íîâûé |
íîâàÿ машина |
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new |
new car |
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большîé |
большàÿ машина |
The |
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large, big |
big car |
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Part 1 |
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page 5 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
M. |
F. |
F. |
M. |
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ïëîõîé |
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ïëîõàÿ машина |
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английскàÿ школа |
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английскèé |
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bad |
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bad car |
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English |
English school |
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дорогîé |
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дорогàÿ машина |
хорошèé хорошàÿ школа |
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expensive |
expensive car |
good, nice |
good school |
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M. |
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русскèé |
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русскàÿ школа |
маленькèé |
маленькàÿ школа |
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Russian |
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Russian school |
small, little |
small school |
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The only exception to this rule presents a limited group of |
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adjectives ending in -íèé like |
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Notice! |
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последíèé - last, ðàííèé - early, ïîçäíèé - late etc. |
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the |
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-èé in -íèé is replaced by -ÿÿ |
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последí|èé последí|ÿÿ страница - last page |
in |
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ïîçäí|èé ïîçäí|ÿÿ осень - late autumn |
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Neuter adjective + Neuter noun |
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Nouns |
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To make the Neuter adjective to attach it to a Neuter noun, you have to |
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replace -ûé, -îé or -èé by -îå: |
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íîâûé íîâîå пальто - new overcoat |
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большîé большîå îêíî - large window |
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ïëîõîé ïëîõîå расписание - bad schedule |
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of |
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русскèé русскîå слово - Russian word |
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Agreement |
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финскèé финскîå радио - Finnish radio |
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маленькèé маленькîå îêíî - small window |
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Exception |
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But -èé is replaced by -åå if a Masculine adjective ends in |
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-íèé, -æèé, -øèé, -÷èé, -ùèé. |
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E.g. |
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N. |
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последí|èé последí|åå письмо - last letter |
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ñâåæ|èé |
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ñâåæ|åå ìÿñî - fresh meat |
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Notice! |
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õîðîø|èé |
õîðîø|åå настроение - good mood |
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ãîðÿ÷|èé |
ãîðÿ÷|åå молоко - hot milk |
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The |
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настояù|èé настояù|åå время - present time |
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Part 1 |
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page 6 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN ADJECTIVES
AND NOUNS OF ADJECTIVAL ORIGIN
An adjectival noun has the form of an adjective but |
functions as a noun.h |
Most of the adjectival nouns result from the omission of a noun qualified |
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by the adjective, for example: |
Notice! |
M. ó÷¸íûé (человек) - scientist
M. русскèé (человек) - Russian (nat.)
M. безработнûé (человек)-unemployed
F. русскàÿ (женщина) - Russian (nat.)
F. столовàÿ (комната) - dining-room
So, the adjectival nouns are qualified like normal nouns:
M. |
M. |
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известнûé + ó÷¸íûé - famous scientist |
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большàÿ + столовàÿ - large dining-room |
Notice! |
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N.N.
вкуснîå + мороженîå - delicious ice-cream
The possessive pronouns used as characterizing words
Ýòî ìîé äîì. This is my house.
N Ýòî ìî¸ ìåñòî.
This is my seat.
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Ýòî ìîÿ машинà. |
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My This is my car. |
Ýòî íàø äîì. |
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MThis is our house. |
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Ýòî íàøå ìåñòî. |
Our Ýòî íàøà машинà. |
This is our seat. N |
F This is our car. |
Ýòî âàø äîì? Is this your house? M
N Ýòî âàøå ìåñòî? Is this your seat?
Ýòî âàøà машинà? |
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Your Is this your car? |
Ýòî òâîé äîì? |
(from «âû») F |
Is this your house? |
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Ýòî òâîÿ машинà? Ýòî òâî¸ ìåñòî? Your Is this your car? Is this your seat? N (from «òû») F
Part 1 |
page 7 |
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
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Possessive pronouns |
åãî (his), å¸ (her), |
èõ (their) do not |
h |
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change according to the gender principle, they exist only in one |
Notice! |
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unchangeable form: |
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åãî |
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åãî äîì - his house |
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åãî машинà - his car |
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(his) |
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åãî ìåñòî - his place |
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å¸ äîì - her house |
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Singular |
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èõ |
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èõ äîì - their house |
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å¸ машинà - her car |
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å¸ ìåñòî - her place |
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èõ машинà - their car |
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èõ ìåñòî - their place |
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Summary |
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the |
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ìîé, íàø, âàø, òâîé, åãî, å¸, èõ |
+ äîì |
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in |
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ìîÿ, íàøà, âàøà, òâîÿ, åãî, å¸, èõ |
+ машина |
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ìî¸, íàøå, âàøå, òâî¸, åãî, å¸, èõ |
+ место |
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The |
demonstrative |
and determinative pronouns |
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used as characterizing words |
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ýòîò - this, the... close to hand |
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Âîò ýòîò äîì. |
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M Here is this house. |
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Âîò ýòî ìåñòî. |
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this |
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Âîò ýòà машинà. |
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Agreement |
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Here is this place.N |
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Here is this car. |
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ýòî... - this is, that is - special case! |
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M. Ýòî ìîé äîì. |
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Ýòî ìîÿ машинà. |
N. Ýòî ìî¸ ìåñòî. |
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This is my house. |
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This is my car. |
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This is my seat. |
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Notice! |
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It is necessary to distinguish the characterizing ýòî, which changes |
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according to genders and ýòî used in the meaning of «this is, that is, |
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these are, those are». The latter is not a characterizing word, and it does |
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not change according to genders. |
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Part 1 |
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page 8 |
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
òîò - that one, the one which was meant, distant object |
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M Âîò òîò äîì. |
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Here is that house. |
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Âîò òî ìåñòî. |
that |
F Âîò òà óëèöà. |
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N |
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Here is that place. |
Here is that street. |
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такой - this kind, the same |
Такой äîì? |
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M This kind of house? |
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this |
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kind |
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Такое ïèâî? |
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Такая машинà? |
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This kind of beer? |
This kind of car? |
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такой - used in expressive sentences like:
M Сегодня такой âåòåð!
It is so windy today!
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Сегодня такое солнцå! |
Сегодня такая æàðà! |
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It is so sunny today! |
It is so hot today! |
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такой - what a..., combines with long adjectives: |
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Такой сильнûé âåòåð! |
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What a heavy wind! |
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Такое æàðêîå ëåòî! N |
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What a hot summer! |
Такая сильнàÿ ãðîçà! |
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What a heavy thunderstorm! |
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Part 1 |
page 9 |
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The Gender Agreement of Russian Nouns in the Singular
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Similar meaning could be rendered by
какой - such a..., what a ...
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Какой сильнûé âåòåð! |
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M What a heavy wind! |
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Какое æàðêîå ëåòî! |
Какая сильнàÿ ãðîçà! |
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What a hot summer! N |
F What a heavy thunderstorm! |
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такой же - the same, the same kind as, |
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combines with long adjectives: |
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Такой же äîì. |
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MThe same kind of house. |
the |
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Такая же машинà. |
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Такое же ïèâî. |
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The same kind of beer. N |
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самый - the very, the most, most |
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Indicates precise location: |
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Ì. Ýòî самый |
центр города. It`s the very centre of the city. |
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Combines with |
long adjectives to denote superlative meaning: |
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Ýòî самый большой äîì. M |
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This is the biggest house. |
Ýòî самая дорогая машинà. |
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This is the most expensive car. |
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Ýòî самое удобное ìåñòî. |
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This is the most comfortable seat. |
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тот самый - the same, the very, mentioned before |
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Âîò тот самый äîì. |
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M |
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Âîò та самая машинà. |
The |
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Âîò то самое ìåñòî. |
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Part 1 |
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page 10 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The Interrogative Pronouns used as characterizing words
The Interrogative Pronouns are used in questions:
какой - what, which, what kind of, what is the number of..?
Какой?
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M |
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Какое? |
Какая? |
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Êàêîé ó âàñ âàãîí? |
What is your carriage number? |
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What is the class of your carriage? |
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Êàêîé он человåê? |
What kind of person is he? |
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Êàêîé у вас телефоí? |
What is your telephone number? |
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What kind of telephone do you have? |
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Êàêàÿ завтра будет погодà? What is the weather like tomorrow? |
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Êàêîå ó âàñ êóïå? |
What is the number of your compartment?Russian |
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Êàêàÿ у вас квартирà? |
What kind of apartment do you have? |
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What is the number of your apartment? |
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What is the class of your compartment? |
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Êàêîå ó âàñ ìåñòî? |
What is the number of your seat? |
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÷åé? - Whose..? Who is the owner? To whom it belongs? |
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÷åé? ×åé ýòî äîì? |
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Whose is this house? |
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N whose? |
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÷ü¸? |
÷üÿ? ×üÿ это машинà? |
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×ü¸ ýòî êóïå? |
Whose is this car? |
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Whose is this compartment? |
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Part 1 |
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page 11 |
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