- •To the Readers
- •Shortly About the Author
- •AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF A NOUN
- •THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS
- •REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
- •FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT
- •THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
- •THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
- •SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS
- •FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
- •PLURAL-ONLY NOUNS
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
- •MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS
- •THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF OTHER CHARACTERIZING WORDS - all, the whole
- •GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE CASE SYSTEM
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •ADJECTIVAL TYPE OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE HARD ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PLURAL ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
- •THE DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION AND THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE GENITIVE CASE
- •THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
- •THE GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
- •THE GENITIVE OF TIME
- •THE GENITIVE OF PLACE
- •THE GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
- •THE GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
- •THE GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
- •THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
- •THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
- •THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN VERB
- •THE INFINITIVE AS A BASE FOR THE VERB FORMS
- •THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
- •THE ASPECT
- •THE ASPECT IN THE TENSE SYSTEM
- •THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION
- •THE IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
- •IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY PATTERN
- •THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •FIRST GROUP, REGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
- •THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
- •MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
- •LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
- •USAGE (MEANING) OF THE ASPECTS
- •SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
- •A PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
- •MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
- •MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
- •POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE NEGATIVE OF THE POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- •RUSSIAN WORD ORDER
- •GENERAL REMARKS
- •BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING»
- •THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
- •UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
- •SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •THE TENSE FORMS AND THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE ASPECT PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •COMMON ADVERBS OF MEASURE AND GRADE
- •ADVERBS OF TIME
- •ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
- •THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE COMPOUND NEGATIVE
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GENITIVE OF PERSON
- •SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE CARDINALS
- •«HALVES»
- •THE ORDINAL NUMERALS
- •THE USE OF THE ORDINALS
- •NOUNS BASED ON NUMERALS
- •THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
- •THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
- •THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
- •PREPOSITIONS
- •ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •MOST COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
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Common Adverbs of Measure and Grade |
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очень - Сегодня очень жарко. It`s very hot today. |
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много - Он много работает. He works a lot. |
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ìàëî - Îí ìàëî ñïèò. He sleeps little. |
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Eugenia |
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÷óòü-÷óòü - Îí ÷óòü-÷óòü опоздал. (coll.) He was a bit late. |
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вдвое - вдвое дороже - double expensive |
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слишком - Чай слишком горячий. The tea is too hot. |
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почти - Уже почти темно. It is almost dark. |
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довольно - Сегодня довольно холодно. It`s rather cold today. |
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гораздо - гораздо |
дороже - much more expensive |
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дважды -Он приходил дважды. He came twice. |
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совсем - Он совсем ничего íå знает. |
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He does not know anything at all. |
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Ìÿñî совсем сгорело. |
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The meat has burnt completely. |
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also частично - partially, полностью - fully. |
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Adverbs of Time |
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Here you can find a list of most common Adverbs of Time: |
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когда? - when? |
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зимой - in (the) winter |
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весной - in (the) spring |
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летом - in (the) summer |
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осенью - in (the) autumn |
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вчера - yesterday |
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сегодня - today |
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завтра - tomorrow |
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позавчера - the day before yesterday |
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послезавтра - the day after tomorrow |
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утром - in the morning |
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äí¸ì - in the afternoon |
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вечером - in the evening, at night |
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ночью - at night |
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Part 10 |
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page 147 |
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The Adverbs
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
давно - long time ago, for a long time
раньше - before, earlier |
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недавно - not long ago, recently |
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сейчас - now, nowadays |
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теперь - now |
потом - afterwards |
тогда - then |
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ðàíî - early |
поздно - late |
сразу - at once, immediately |
немедленно - immediately |
наконец - finally, at last |
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заранее - beforehand |
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часто - often |
редко - seldom |
всегда - always |
иногда - sometimes |
обычно - usually |
никогда - never |
долго - (for a) long time |
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надолго - for a long time, for long |
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навсегда - forever |
назад - ago |
ежедневно - daily |
еженедельно - weekly |
ежемесячно - monthly |
ежегодно - annually |
Adverbs of Place and Direction
Some adverbs of place and direction present a certain difficulty for a foreign learner. Below you can find a table containing these adverbs.
adverbs of place |
adverbs of direction |
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Ãäå? Where? |
Kóäà? |
Откуда? Where from? |
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Where (to)? |
С какой стороны? From what side? |
тут, здесь |
ñþäà |
отсюда |
Îí æèâ¸ò òóò. |
Идите ñþäà! |
Он уехал отсюда час назад. |
He lives here. |
Come here! |
He left (from here) an hour ago. |
òàì |
òóäà |
оттуда |
Он теперь жив¸т òàì. |
Я поеду òóäà завтра. |
Я вернусь оттуда через неделю. |
He lives there now. |
I will go there tomorrow. |
I will come back (from there) in a week. |
впереди |
прямо, впер¸д |
спереди |
ß впереди ничего не вижу. |
Идите прямо... |
Трамвай нужно обходить спереди. |
I do not see anything in front of me. |
Go straight on... |
You have to bypass trams from the front. |
Part 10 |
page 148 |
The Adverbs
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
adverbs of place |
adverbs of direction |
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сзади |
назад, обратно |
сзади |
Он стоял сзади, è ÿ åãî |
Мы поедем сразу назад. |
Автобус нужно |
не заметил. |
We will go back at once. |
обходить сзади. |
He stood in the back and I |
билет туда и обратно |
You have to bypass |
did not notice them. |
- return ticket |
buses from the back. |
справа |
направо / вправо |
справа |
Магазин находится |
Сейчас нужно повернуть |
Арабы пишут |
справа. |
направо. You have to turn |
справа налево. |
The shop is on the right. |
to the right now. |
Arabs write from |
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Подвиньтесь чуть |
right to left. |
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вправо. Will you, please, |
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move a bit to the right. |
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слева |
налево / влево |
слева |
Магазин находится |
Сейчас нужно повернуть |
Мы пишем слева |
слева. |
налево. You have to turn |
направо. |
The shop is on the left. |
to the left now. |
We write from left to |
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Подвиньтесь чуть влево. |
right. |
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Will you, please, move a |
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bit to the left. |
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наверху / сверху |
наверх / вверх |
сверху |
Îí æä¸ò наверху. |
Он поднялся наверх. |
Лучше сверлить |
He is waiting upstairs. |
He went upstairs. |
сверху. |
Òàì сверху есть кнопка. |
Ðóêè вверх! |
You`d better drill |
There is a knob at the top. |
Hands up! |
from the top. |
внизу / снизу |
âíèç |
снизу |
Îí æä¸ò внизу. |
Он спустился âíèç. |
Лучше сверлить |
He is waiting downstairs. |
He went downstairs. |
снизу. |
Òàì снизу есть кнопка. |
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You`d better drill |
There is a knob at the |
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from the bottom. |
bottom. |
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внутри
Факс не работает.: внутри застряла бумага. The fax machine does not work: the paper got stuck inside.
снаружи
Îí æäàë снаружи.
He was waiting outside.
äîìà
Он сейчас äîìà. He is at home now.
Part 10
внутрь
Сначала вставьте внутрь карточку...
First insert the card...
наружу
Дверь открывается наружу.
The door opens outside.
домой
ß åäó домой.
I am going home.
изнутри
Kто-то запер дверь изнутри.
Someone locked the door from inside.
снаружи
Kто-то запер дверь снаружи. Someone locked the door from outside.
but
èç äîìà
- from home
page 149
The Adverbs
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
It is not always easy to «pigeonhole» even common adverbs. Below you can find some of them.
óæå - Îí óæå приехал.
He has already come.
óæå íå - Îí óæå íå ñïèò.
He does not sleep anymore.
åù¸ - Îí åù¸ ñïèò.
He is still sleeping.
åù¸ íå - Îí åù¸ íå приехал.
He has not come yet.
âñ¸ åù¸ - Îí âñ¸ åù¸ ñïèò.
He is still sleeping.
ïîêà - Îí ïîêà ñïèò.
He is still sleeping.
ïîêà íå - Îí ïîêà íå приехал.
He has not come yet.
IndefiniteAdverbs
ãäå-òî, где-нибудь - somewhere, anywhere
êóäà-òî, куда-нибудь - somewhere (to), anywhere (to) - direction когда-то, когда-нибудь - some time, any time, ever
зачем-то, зачем-нибудь - for some/any reason почему-то, почему-нибудь - for some/any reason
Negative Adverbs
íˆãäå - no place, no room, nowhere
íˆêóäà - no place, no room, nowhere - direction нˆзачем - no reason, useless
Part 10 |
page 150 |
The Adverbs
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF SOME ADVERBS. |
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Only the adverbs of manner can have the degrees of comparison. |
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The Comparative Degree |
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The Comparative Degree of the adverbs is formed with the help |
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Eugenia |
of suffixes åå/åé/å, for example: |
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Comparative |
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быстрî |
быстрåå - faster, quicker |
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Since many of these comparatives are very irregular in their formation, |
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it is better to learn them as new vocabulary items: |
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Comparative |
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хорошо лучше - better |
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плохо |
õóæå - worse |
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ìàëî |
меньше - less, fewer |
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много больше - more |
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Also: |
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дороже - more expensive, |
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дешевле - cheaper |
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труднее - more difficult, |
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легче - easier, |
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холоднее - colder, |
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теплее - warmer, |
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жарче - hotter, |
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удобнее - more convenient, comfortable, |
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раньше - earlier, |
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позже - later, |
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громче - louder, |
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òèøå - more quiet, |
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мягче - softer, |
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вкуснее - more delicious, |
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сложнее - more complicated, |
проще - easier, |
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дальше - further, |
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ближе - closer, |
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âûøå - higher, taller, |
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íèæå - lower, |
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øèðå - wider, |
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˜æå - narrower etc. |
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In colloquial style the comparatives can be prefixed with ïî- : Приходите ïîраньше! Will you, please, come a bit earlier.
Part 10 |
page 151 |
The Adverbs