- •To the Readers
- •Shortly About the Author
- •AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF A NOUN
- •THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS
- •REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
- •FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT
- •THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
- •THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
- •SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS
- •FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
- •PLURAL-ONLY NOUNS
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
- •MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS
- •THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF OTHER CHARACTERIZING WORDS - all, the whole
- •GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE CASE SYSTEM
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •ADJECTIVAL TYPE OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE HARD ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PLURAL ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
- •THE DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION AND THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE GENITIVE CASE
- •THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
- •THE GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
- •THE GENITIVE OF TIME
- •THE GENITIVE OF PLACE
- •THE GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
- •THE GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
- •THE GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
- •THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
- •THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
- •THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN VERB
- •THE INFINITIVE AS A BASE FOR THE VERB FORMS
- •THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
- •THE ASPECT
- •THE ASPECT IN THE TENSE SYSTEM
- •THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION
- •THE IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
- •IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY PATTERN
- •THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •FIRST GROUP, REGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
- •THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
- •MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
- •LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
- •USAGE (MEANING) OF THE ASPECTS
- •SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
- •A PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
- •MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
- •MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
- •POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE NEGATIVE OF THE POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- •RUSSIAN WORD ORDER
- •GENERAL REMARKS
- •BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING»
- •THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
- •UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
- •SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •THE TENSE FORMS AND THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE ASPECT PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •COMMON ADVERBS OF MEASURE AND GRADE
- •ADVERBS OF TIME
- •ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
- •THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE COMPOUND NEGATIVE
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GENITIVE OF PERSON
- •SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE CARDINALS
- •«HALVES»
- •THE ORDINAL NUMERALS
- •THE USE OF THE ORDINALS
- •NOUNS BASED ON NUMERALS
- •THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
- •THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
- •THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
- •PREPOSITIONS
- •ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •MOST COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The comparatives can be emphasized by the following words:
намного 
гораздо 
much (much more)
For example:
намного быстрее - much quicker намного лучше - much better намного раньше - much earlier
A person or an object compared to can be expressed in two ways: by the Genitive, which is more common:
Gen.
Коля бегает быстрее Наташи., or by ÷åì + Nominative combination:
Коля бегает быстрее, чем Наташа.
THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
The Superlative Degree is formed as follows:
быстрее âñåõ - faster than anyone -
when compared to a group of people or objects.
лучше всего - best of all -
when compared to something abstract.
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Summary of the degrees of comparison: |
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Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
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быстро |
быстрее |
быстрее всех |
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намного быстрее |
быстрее всего |
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гораздо быстрее |
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Adverbs |
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хорошо |
лучше |
лучше всех |
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намного лучше |
лучше всего |
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гораздо лучше |
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Part 10 |
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page 152 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF SOME ADJECTIVES
Only the qualitative adjectives can have the degrees of comparison.
There are two Comparative Degree forms: Simple and Complex.
Their choice depends on the position (function) of the adjective in a sentence.
The Simple Adjective Comparative and the Adverb Comparative coincide:
Adverb |
Comparative |
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быстро |
быстрее |
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быстрый |
хорошо |
лучше |
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хороший |
THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
SIMPLE FORM
link verb áûòü + adjective/adverb ending in åå/å/åé
E.g.
Машина Николая дороже, чем машина Джона. Nikolay`s car is more expensive than John`s car.
COMPLEX FORM
более + adjective + noun
E.g.
Николай купил более дорогую машину, чем Иван. Nikolay bought a more expensive car than Ivan.
более - does not change.
The Comparative forms can be emphasized by the following words:
намного 
much more гораздо 
E.g.
Машина Николая намного дороже, чем машина Ивана. Nikolay`s car is much more expensive than Ivan`s car.
Part 10 |
page 153 |
The Adverbs
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
Most common is the complex form with самый Николай купил самую дорогую машину. Nikolay bought the most expensive car.
наиболее, for example:
Он купил наиболее дорогую машину. He bought the most expensive car.
Some adjectives can form the Superlative Degree with the suffixes åéø/àéø:
E.g. íîâåéøая модель - the latest model
SpecialCase
Four most common adjectives have the following forms: |
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Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
Notice! |
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хороший |
лучше |
лучший/самый хороший |
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плохой |
õóæå |
худший/самый плохой |
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большой |
больше |
самый большой |
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маленький |
меньше |
самый маленький |
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THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
Some Russian Adjectives can be used in two functions:
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as characterizing words |
as a compliment to the link verb |
adjective + noun |
áûòü + adjective |
As a compliment to the verb áûòü (function )
some common adjectives can be used in a shortened form, for example:
свободн|ûé - free, vacant Îí свободен. He is free.
The short adjectives can have the following forms:
M. |
F. |
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Adverbs |
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ÿ, îí, òû |
ÿ, îíà, òû |
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свободен |
свободна |
свободно |
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ìû, âû, îíè свободны |
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Part 10 |
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page 154 |
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
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ß очень ðàä. - I am very glad. |
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To avoid difficulties with this tricky subject check the list |
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of most common short adjectives: |
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Eugenia |
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ð‚ä/ð‚äà/ð‚äû - glad |
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óâˆðåí/óâˆðåíà/óâˆðåíû - sure |
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ñîãë‚ñåí/ñîãë‚ñíà/ñîãë‚ñíû - to agree |
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Вы согласны? Do you agree? |
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Âû â ýòîì уверены? Are you sure in that? |
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винов‚т/винов‚та/винов‚то/винов‚ты - guilty |
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 ýòîì никто не виноват. No one is guilty. |
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äîâ‹ëåí/äîâ‹ëüíà/äîâ‹ëüíû - satisfied, pleased |
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Вы довольны? Are you satisfied? |
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ïîõ‹æ/ïîõ‹æà/ïîõ‹æå/ïîõ‹æè - similar, alike |
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Âû очень похожи. You look very much alike. |
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ñâîá‹äåí/ñâîá‹äíà/ñâîá‹äíî/ñâîá‹äíû - free, vacant |
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Вы свободны сегодня вечером? Are you free tonight? |
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д‹лжен/должн‚/должн‹/должны - must, have to |
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Вы должны сделать это сегодня. You have to do it today. |
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н˜жен/нужн‚/н˜жно/нужны - necessary, need |
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Âàì нужно ехать. You have to go. It is necessary to go. |
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ïðàâ/ïðàâ‚/ïðàâ‹/ïð‚âû - right |
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Îí íå ïðàâ. - He is not right. |
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çäîð‹â/çäîð‹âà/çäîð‹âî/çäîð‹âû - healthy, recovered |
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Îíà óæå çäîð‹âà. She has already recovered. |
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Part 10 |
page 155 |
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The Adverbs
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
б‹лен/больн‚/больн‹/больны - sick, ill Наташа больна. Natasha is sick.
обязан/обязана/обязано/обязаны - obliged, must Вы обязаны ехать. You must go.
The short adjectives are used in some forms of politeness:
Будьте добры, ... |
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Would you (be so kind) |
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Будьте любезны, ... |
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Будьте осторожны! |
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Be careful! |
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Будьте здоровы! |
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Be healthy! |
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The short adjectives are used also as «Size»- adjectives:
ìàë, ìàë‚, ìàë‹, ìàëû - too small âåë‰ê, велик‚, велик‹, велик‰ - too big
E.g.
Этот костюм ìàë. This suit is too small. Этот костюм велик. This suit is too big.
Many other adjectives can be used in the short form by the native speakers.
Part 10 |
page 156 |
The Adverbs
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Part 11 Negative Sentences
THE SIMPLE NEGATIVE WITH íå
You can negate any meaningful word in Russian with the help of the particle íå. always preceeds the negated word:
Îí íå приехал. He did not come.
ß íå еду в Лондон.
I am not going to London.
ß åäó íå в Лондон, а в Париж.
I am not going to London, but I am going to Paris. Ýòî íå моя машина.
It`s not my car.
Ýòî íå новая машина. It`s not a new car. Сегодня íå холодно. It`s not cold today.
Here is the summary table of the use of the Simple Negative in Russian:
ÿ íå делаю |
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ÿ íå хочу делать |
òû íå делаешь |
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òû íå хочешь делать |
etc. |
íå |
etc. |
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ÿ íå делал/а |
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ÿ íå могу делать |
òû íå делал/а |
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òû íå можешь делать |
etc. |
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etc. |
ÿ íå буду делать |
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ÿ íå должен делать |
òû íå будешь делать |
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òû íå должна делать |
etc. |
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etc. |
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Part 11 |
page 157 |
Negative Sentences