- •To the Readers
- •Shortly About the Author
- •AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF A NOUN
- •THE GENDER OF SOFT SIGN NOUNS
- •REPLACING SINGULAR NOUNS BY PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES
- •FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT
- •THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
- •THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN
- •SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS
- •FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
- •PLURAL-ONLY NOUNS
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES
- •MIXED PLURAL ADJECTIVAL ENDINGS
- •THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE PLURAL OF OTHER CHARACTERIZING WORDS - all, the whole
- •GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE CASE SYSTEM
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE ACCUSATIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF NEUTER NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS IN THE SINGULAR
- •ADJECTIVAL TYPE OF DECLENSION IN RUSSIAN
- •THE DECLENSION OF MASCULINE AND NEUTER ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE FEMININE ADJECTIVES IN THE SINGULAR
- •THE GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DATIVE, INSTRUMENTAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL OF NOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE HARD ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE SOFT ENDING NOUNS IN THE PLURAL
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PLURAL ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVAL WORDS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN ADJECTIVAL SURNAMES
- •THE DECLENSION OF RUSSIAN PATRONIMICS
- •THE DECLENSION OF NON-RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
- •PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- •THE DECLENSION AND THE USE OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NOMINATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE GENITIVE CASE
- •THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION / ABSENSE / EXCEPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION
- •THE GENITIVE OF RELATION / DESCRIPTION
- •THE GENITIVE OF QUANTITY
- •THE GENITIVE OF TIME
- •THE GENITIVE OF PLACE
- •THE GENITIVE USED AFTER CERTAIN VERBS
- •THE GENITIVE OF COMPARISON
- •THE GENITIVE OF SPECIAL DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS
- •THE USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
- •THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE
- •THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE
- •THE SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN VERB
- •THE INFINITIVE AS A BASE FOR THE VERB FORMS
- •THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN RUSSIAN
- •THE ASPECT
- •THE ASPECT IN THE TENSE SYSTEM
- •THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IRREGULAR 1-ST CONJUGATION
- •THE IRREGULAR 2-ND CONJUGATION
- •IRREGULAR VERBS NOT FOLLOWING ANY PATTERN
- •THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •FIRST GROUP, REGULAR PAST TENSE FORMATION
- •THE FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERBS
- •THE IMPERATIVE OF THE VERBS
- •MAIN TYPES OF PARTICIPLES
- •LONG PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
- •USAGE (MEANING) OF THE ASPECTS
- •SOME FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE THE CHOICE OF AN ASPECT
- •A PRACTICAL TABLE OF MOST COMMON VERBS
- •MAIN USE OF THE REFLEXIVES
- •MODAL VERBS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
- •POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE NEGATIVE OF THE POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- •RUSSIAN WORD ORDER
- •GENERAL REMARKS
- •BASIC FORMS OF NON-PREFIXED PAIR-VERBS OF «GOING»
- •THE GRAMMATICAL USAGE OF NON-PREFIXED «GOING» VERBS
- •UNIDIRECTIONAL VERBS
- •SOME COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •THE TENSE FORMS AND THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE ASPECT PAIRS OF MOST COMMON PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
- •COMMON ADVERBS OF MEASURE AND GRADE
- •ADVERBS OF TIME
- •ADVERBS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADVERBS
- •THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES
- •THE COMPOUND NEGATIVE
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE PRONOUNS
- •THE USE OF THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING PEOPLE
- •THE IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE GENITIVE OF PERSON
- •SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
- •THE CARDINALS
- •«HALVES»
- •THE ORDINAL NUMERALS
- •THE USE OF THE ORDINALS
- •NOUNS BASED ON NUMERALS
- •THE DOUBLE NUMERALS
- •THE INDEFINITE NUMERALS
- •THE COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
- •PREPOSITIONS
- •ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS
- •MOST COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
SEMI-IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS
«one» and «you» constructions = «òû» constructions
The second-person Singular of the Present Tense form of a verb is used in these constructions («òû» forms):
Работаешь - работаешь, а денег вс¸ нет.
-You work a lot, but still no money.
These sentences are used quite a lot in Russian proverbs, sayings and general statements like:
Поспешишь - людей насмешишь. - Haste makes waste.
(lit. If you haste you will make people laugh).
«they» constructions = «îíè» constructions
«They» constructions are used mostly in «mass-media» contexts:
говорят, ÷òî... - they say...
пишут, ÷òî... - they write...
показывают по телевизору... - they show...
передают по радио... - they broadcast...
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For the Past tense we use the Plural («îíè» forms): |
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ConstructionsImpersonal |
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говорили, сказали - they said, told, it was said |
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писали - they wrote, it was written |
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показывали по телевизору - they showed, it was shown |
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передавали по радио - they broadcast, it has been |
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broadcast |
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Part 12 |
page 167 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Part 13 |
Numerals |
The numerals are divided into two main groups:
The Cardinals |
The Ordinals |
îäèí, äâà etc. |
первый, второй etc. |
There are three smaller groups:
Double numerals: îáà/îáå
Indefinite numerals: много, сколько etc.
Collective numerals: äâîå, òðîå etc.
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The Cardinals |
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0 |
íîëü/íóëü |
60 шестьдесят |
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1 |
îäèí/îäíà/îäíî/îäíè |
70 семьдесят |
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2 |
äâà/äâå |
80 восемьдесят |
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3 |
òðè |
90 девяносто |
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4 |
четыре |
100 ñòî |
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5 |
ïÿòü |
200 двести |
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6 |
шесть |
300 триста |
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7 |
ñåìü |
400 четыреста |
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8 |
восемь |
500 пятьсот |
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9 |
девять |
600 шестьсот |
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10 |
десять |
700 семьсот |
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11 |
одиннадцать |
800 восемьсот |
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12 |
двенадцать |
900 девятьсот |
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13 |
тринадцать |
1 000 тысяча |
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14 |
четырнадцать |
2 000 две тысячи |
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15 |
пятнадцать |
5 000 пять тысяч |
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16 |
шестнадцать |
1 000 000 один миллион |
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17 |
семнадцать |
2 000 000 два миллиона |
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18 |
восемнадцать |
5 000 000 пять миллионов |
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19 |
девятнадцать |
1 000 000 000 один миллиард/биллион |
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20 |
двадцать |
1 000 000 000 000 один триллион |
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30 |
тридцать |
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40 |
сорок |
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50 |
пятьдесят |
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Part 13 |
page 168 |
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Numerals
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar |
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Nekrasova |
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The Cardinals from 2 govern the nouns they precede, they take the |
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How to make the compound cardinals |
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The pattern is as follows: |
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175 = 100 + 70 + 5 = сто семьдесят пять |
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Eugenia |
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Genitive case. For the use of the Genitive case after the cardinals see |
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construction all cardinals change according to the cases. |
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«The Use of the Genitive Case». |
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If preceded by a preposition or a verb, or being used in the negative |
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The gender and the case forms of some cardinal numerals
Two Russian numerals fall out from the main line: the equivalents for one and two.
The cardinal numeral one has 3 Gender forms and the Plural form:
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M. îäèí журнал |
F. îäíà книга |
N. îäíî îêíî |
The plural form îäíè is used with the plural-only nouns, like:
î÷êè - glasses |
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îäíè î÷êè - a pair of glasses |
The words îäèí, îäíà, îäíî, îäíè and their case forms can be used in a different meaning: to denote unspecified object.
ßчитал это в одном журнале.
I read it in some magazine.
Meaning «Same» :
Ìû æèâ¸ì â одном äîìå. We live in the same building.
Meaning «Alone» :
ß åäó òóäà îäèí. I go there alone.
Part 13 |
page 169 |
Numerals
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
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The declension of îäèí |
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M/N |
F |
Pl |
N. |
îäèí/îäíî |
îäíà |
îäíè |
G. |
одного |
одной |
одних |
D. |
одному |
одной |
одним |
A. |
один, одного, одно |
îäíó |
одни, одних |
I. |
одним |
одной |
одними |
P. |
одном |
одной |
одних |
The Nominative case of the Russian cardinal numerals äâà used for two,
has two Gender forms: |
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Masculine and Neuter - äâà, |
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M. |
äâà äíÿ |
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Feminine - äâå . |
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N. |
äâà îêíà |
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F. |
äâå тысячи |
All the other case forms do not have this Gender difference.
You`ll find them below.
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The case forms of the cardinal numerals äâà/äâå, òðè, четыре |
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2, 3, 4 |
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Gen. |
äâóõ |
ß áóäó после двух. |
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òð¸õ |
I will come after two. |
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четыр¸х |
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Dat. |
äâóì |
Я приеду ê äâóì. |
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òð¸ì |
I will come by two. |
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четыр¸м |
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Acc. |
äâà, äâå |
Я приеду â äâà. |
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òðè |
I will come at two. |
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четыре |
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Instr. |
двумя |
Я приеду между двумя è тремя. |
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тремя |
I will come between two and three. |
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Numerals |
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четырьмя |
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Prep. |
äâóõ |
Словарь был â äâóõ томах. |
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= Gen. |
òð¸õ |
The dictionary was in two volumes. |
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четыр¸х |
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Part 13 |
page 170 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The case forms of the cardinal numerals
5-20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80
Model ïÿòü - 5
Gen. áåç ïÿòè ÷àñ - 1255 Dat. ê ïÿòè - by five o`clock Acc. â ïÿòü - at five o`clock
Instr. между пятью è шестью - between five and six
Prep. â ïÿòè случаях из десяти - in five instances out of ten
Gen. = Dat. = Prep.
Acc. = Nom.
The case forms of the cardinal numerals 40, 90, 100
Model ñòî - 100
Most common are the two case forms:Gen.
Acc.= Nom. стоЭта машина стоит ñòî тысяч.
-The car costs one hundred thousand.
The Genitive is also commonly used after более - more,
менее - less, около -about.
Gen. = Dat. = Instr. = Prep. Acc. = Nom.
The case forms of the cardinal numerals
200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900
Most common are the two case forms:
Gen.- около двухсот, тр¸хсот, четыр¸хсот, пятисот,
шестисот, семисот, восьмисот, девятисот.
Эта машина стоит около двухсот тысяч.
Acc.=Nom. Эта машина стоит двести тысяч.
The noun тысяча follows the noun книга declension type.
Part 13 |
page 171 |
Numerals
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
The case forms of the compound cardinal numerals Each part of a compound numeral changes, for example:
Nom. Nom. Nom.
Nom. сто + семьдесят + пять 175
Gen. Gen. Gen.
Gen. ñòà + ñåìèдесятè + ïÿòè
Gen. = Dat. = Prep
Nom. = Acc.
The use of the cardinals in telling time ( inofficial way )
The second half of an hour is rendered with the cardinals, both for hours and minutes:
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Genitive |
Nominative |
1635 |
без двадцати пяти |
ïÿòü |
1640 |
без двадцати |
ïÿòü |
1645 |
без пятнадцати |
ïÿòü |
1650 |
без десяти |
ïÿòü |
1655 |
áåç ïÿòè |
ïÿòü |
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Part 13 |
page 172 |
Numerals