Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
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Other characterizing words |
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âåñü - all, the whole |
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M âåñü äåíü - the whole day |
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all, |
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âñÿ странà |
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âñ¸ время - all the time |
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the whole F |
- the |
whole country |
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îäèí - one, a... |
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îäèí äîì |
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Singular |
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M - one house, a house |
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îäíî ìåñòî |
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a... |
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îäíà машинà |
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- one seat, a place |
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one, |
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N |
F |
- one car, a car |
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ñàì - is an emphatic pronoun, it can characterize both nouns and |
the |
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personal pronouns: |
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in |
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M îí ñàì - he himself |
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ñàìî - by itself |
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...self |
F îíà ñàìà - she herself |
Nouns |
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THE GENDER OF NOUNS DENOTING PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIAN |
Russian |
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Names of professions ending in consonants and the soft sign are |
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exclusively masculine as originally they were male dominated. |
Notice! |
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of |
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E.g.:Îí |
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Îíà |
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profession |
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Agreement |
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âðà÷ - doctor |
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Ì. |
Ì. |
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Ì. |
Ì. |
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хорошèé âðà÷ |
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хорошèé âðà÷ |
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The characterizing words are always Masculine irrespective of sex: |
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Some other popular nouns denoting professions: |
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Gender |
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Диктор - announcer, директор - director, учитель - teacher, |
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председатель - chairman, профессор - professor, повар - cook, |
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инженер - engineer, бухгалтер - bookkeeper, тренер - trainer, |
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экскурсовод - guide, режисс¸р - film-director, фотограф - |
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The |
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photographer, редактор - editor etc. |
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Part 1 |
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page 12 |
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Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Part 2
The Plural of Nouns.
The Number Agreement of Russian Nouns.
SINGULAR - ONLY NOUNS |
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Not all the nouns have both Singular and Plural forms. |
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There are nouns which exist only in the Singular. |
Notice! |
They include nouns which denote: |
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«collectives»: |
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посуда - dishware, мебель - furniture, обувь - footware, оружие - weapons,
одежда - clothes, косметика - cosmetics, etc.
human activities:
политика - policy/politics, промышленность - industry, экономика - economy/economics, медицина - medicine, спорт - sports, телевидение - television, радио - radio, etc.
substances; foods, cereals, fruits and vegetables:
золото - gold, нефть - oil, шерсть - wool, масло - oil, butter, пиво - beer, рис - rice, мясо - meat, мука - flour, виноград - grapes, изюм - raisins, капуста - cabbage, лук - onion, шоколад - chocolate, etc.
feelings and sensations: счастье - happiness, зависть - envy, etc.
FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
The nouns of all Genders make Plural forms with the help of 2 groups of endings: First Group
-û or -è ending: Big Group of Masculine& Feminine Nouns
Second Group
-à or -ÿ ending: Small Group of Masculine & Neuter Nouns
First Group: Masculine & Feminine Nouns
-û ending («hard line») after hard consonants
Singular |
Plural |
M. чемодаí |
чемоданû - suitcases |
M.компьютеð компьютерû - computers
M.иностранеö иностранцû - foreigners
-û ending instead of -à
F.машинà машинû - cars
F. квартирà квартирû - apartments |
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F. женщинà женщинû - women |
etc. |
Part 2
etc.
page 13
The Plural of Nouns. The Number Agreement of Russian Nouns.
Eugenia Nekrasova
A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
-è ending («soft line») instead of -ü, -é and -ÿ
Singular |
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Plural |
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M. |
äåíü |
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äíè |
- |
days |
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M. |
словарü |
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словарè |
- |
dictionaries |
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M. |
ðóáëü |
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ðóáëè |
- |
roubles |
Nouns. |
M. |
ãîñòü |
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ãîñòè |
- |
guests |
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F. |
íî÷ü |
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íî÷è |
- |
nights |
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M. |
ìóçåé |
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ìóçåè |
- |
museums |
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F. |
неделÿ |
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неделè |
- |
weeks |
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F. |
фотографиÿ |
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фотографиè - |
photos |
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ã, ê, õ,+ è |
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Special cases! |
Russian |
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Singular |
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Plural |
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F. |
êíèãà |
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êíèãè - books |
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M. учебник |
учебниêè -textbooks |
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of |
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F. спичкà |
ñïè÷êè - matches æ, ÷, ø, ù + è |
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M. ñëóõ |
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ñëóõè - rumours |
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Plural |
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etc. |
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F. ëûæà |
ëûæè - skies |
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M. |
íîæ |
íîæ‰ |
- knives |
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M. âðà÷ |
âðà÷‰ |
- doctors |
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M. |
ïëàù |
ïëàù‰ |
- raincoats |
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etc. |
Agreement |
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Second Group: Masculine and Neuter nouns |
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Number |
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This group is much smaller than the -û, -è group but the nouns are |
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frequently used. |
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-‚ ending («hard line») after hard consonants in the Masculine nouns |
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Singular |
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Plural |
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The |
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ãîðîä |
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город‚ |
- cities, towns |
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äîì |
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äîì‚ |
- houses |
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Nouns. |
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ëåñ |
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ëåñ‚ |
- forests, woods |
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ïîåçä |
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поезд‚ |
- trains |
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âå÷åð |
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вечер‚ |
- evenings |
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of |
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остроâ |
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остров‚ |
- islands |
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öâåò |
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öâåò‚ |
- colors |
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Plural |
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áåðåã |
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берег‚ |
- banks, coasts |
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паспорò |
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паспорт‚ |
- passports |
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ñ÷¸ò |
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ñ÷åò‚ |
- bills, accounts |
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The |
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íîìåð |
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номер‚ |
- numbers, hotel rooms |
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мастеð |
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мастер‚ |
- craftsmen etc. |
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Part 2 |
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page 14 |
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A Basic Modern Russian Grammar
Nekrasova |
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-‚ |
ending instead of |
-o in Neuter nouns («hard line») |
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‹çåðî |
îç¸ðà - lakes |
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ñë‹âî |
ñëîâ‚ - words |
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ëèö‹ |
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ë‰öà - faces |
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êðˆñëî |
êðˆñëà - armchairs |
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Eugenia |
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ÿéö‹ |
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ÿéöà - eggs |
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письм‹ |
ï‰ñüìà - letters |
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îêí‹ |
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‹êíà - windows |
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стекл‹ |
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ñò¸êëà - window glasses etc. |
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also âðˆìÿ |
времен‚ - times |
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‰ìÿ |
èìåí‚ - names |
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-ÿ |
ending («soft line») instead of -å in Neuter nouns |
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ïîëå ïîëÿ - fields
зданиå зданиÿ - buildings
предложениå предложениÿ - sentences, offers
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SPECIAL CASES OF PLURAL NOUN FORMATION |
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Singular |
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Plural |
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äðóã |
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äðóçüÿ - friends |
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дерево |
деревüÿ - trees |
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áðàò |
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áðàòüÿ - brothers |
Singular |
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Plural |
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ñûí |
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сыновüÿ - sons |
сосед |
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соседи - neighbours |
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ñòóë |
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ñòóëüÿ - chairs |
господин |
господа - sirs, |
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ëèñò |
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ëèñòüÿ - leaves |
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ladies & gentlemen |
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хозяин |
хозяева - owners |
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яблоко |
яблоки - apples |
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Plural |
óõî |
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óøè - ears |
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ðåá¸íîê |
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äåòè - children |
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человек |
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ëþäè - people |
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Part 2 |
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page 15 |
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The Plural of Nouns. The Number Agreement of Russian Nouns.