- •М.Ю. Кладова Вербалии и вербальные конструкции в английском языке
- •2002 Г.
- •Оглавление
- •Неличные формы глагола.
- •Инфинитив
- •I. Инфинитив
- •II. Использование инфинитива без частицы “to”.
- •Exercises.
- •IV. State the form of infinitive in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
- •V. Use the infinitives in brackets in the required form.
- •VI. Insert the particle “to” where necessary.
- •VII. Translation into English
- •III. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Exercises
- •VIII. Make up sentences so as to use the infinitive as predicative.
- •X. Paraphrase the following using a noun instead of the underlined verb with the infinitive as attribute, make all necessary changes.
- •Test yourselves
- •Nightwork (by I. Show.) An Extract.
- •IV. Инфинитивные конструкции
- •V. Объектная инфинитивная конструкция
- •Exercises
- •Insert the particle “to” in objective infinitive constructions where necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •V. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use objective infinitive constructions instead of the object clauses.
- •VI. Complete the following sentences so as to use objective infinitive constructions.
- •VIII. Read the text.
- •Theatre (by s. Maughm) An Extract
- •VI. Субъектная инфинитивная конструкция.
- •Exercises
- •Insert the particle “to” where required in the following sentences with objective and subjective infinitive constructions. Explain your choice.
- •The picture of Dorian Gray (by Oscar Wild) An Extract
- •VII. Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом “for”. (For-to-Infinitive Construction)
- •Exercises
- •II. Construct For-to-Infinitive constructions using words in brackets in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Define the type of the infinitive constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Paraphrase the following so as to use various infinitive constructions instead of the subordinate clauses.
- •Nightwork (by I. Shaw) An Extract
- •Test yourselves
- •Insert particle "to" before the infinitive where required.
- •Test-paper
- •Причастие
- •Определение и формы.
- •Грамматические категории причастия
- •Функции причастия I в предложении
- •Функции причастия II в предложении
- •Exercises
- •I. Define the form of the participles.
- •II. Translate the word-combinations with participles into Russian and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •III. Define the function of the participles in the following sentences into Russian.
- •IV. Open the brackets using the correct form of participles.
- •V. Replace the clauses by the constructions with participles.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into English using participles in different functions.
- •VII. Read the text.
- •V. Причастные конструкции
- •Exercises
- •I. Find the objective participle constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •II. Find the subjective participle constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •III. Find nominative absolute participle constructions in the following sentences. Define the functions. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •IV. Paraphrase the following sentences, using participle constructions instead of adverbial clauses.
- •V. Paraphrase the following sentences, using adverbial clauses instead of participle constructions.
- •VI. Define the type of participle constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Find absolute constructions without a participle in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English, using participial constructions.
- •IX. Read the extract from the novel.
- •I. Define the function of Participles. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Test II
- •Герундий
- •Определение и грамматические характеристики
- •II. Формы и способы перевода на русский язык
- •Функции в предложении
- •IV. Герундиальная конструкция
- •V. Использование герундия
- •Exercises
- •II. Open the brackets using the gerund in the proper form.
- •III. Supply the correct preposition and the gerund form of the verb in the following sentences.
- •IV. Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •V. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use gerundial constructions instead of subordinate clauses.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the gerund and gerundial constructions.
- •VIII. Form predicative constructions with the gerund out of the elements in brackets.
- •IX. State whether the -ing-form is the gerund or the verbal noun. Explain your reasons. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •X. Read an extract from the novel.
- •I. Translate from Russian into English using the gerund or the constructions.
- •II. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund were required.
- •General review
- •I. Define the non-finite form of the verb and its function. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •II. Compare these pairs of sentences. What is the difference in meaning?
- •III. Complete the sentences using a suitable verb in the correct form.
- •IV. State the grammar phenomena expressed by the -ing-form.
- •V. Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb in the -ing or infinitive form.
- •VI. Use the gerund or the participle in the required form instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •VII. Define the type of the predicative constructions with non-finite forms of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Insert “not” or “without” before the -ing-form. Explain your choice and reason.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences into English using non-finite forms of the verb.
- •X. Read an extract from the novel.
- •Final Test
- •I. Using the correct form of the non-finite form of the verb instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •II Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using non-finite forms of the verb.
- •Литература
Test II
Open the brackets, using the correct form of Participle I or Participle II.
(read) half the book, he fell asleep.
The wind (come) from the North was bitterly cold.
She didn’t pay any attention to the (ring) telephone.
(reach) for the sugar, she upset the cup of coffee.
They sat around the fire (stare) at it in silence.
I noticed him give her a (surprise) look.
In the middle of the night he woke up (shake) with cold.
She opened the telegram with (shake) fingers.
He wants to have his luggage (pick up) on the way to the station.
I don’t really see what can be done about the (ruin) picture.
The path ( lead) to the house was covered with yellow leaves.
He walked out of the room, (leave) the door open.
They were worrying about the child (leave) alone in the house.
(look) forward to that moment for a long time, he left the pleasure now that it had arrived.
Why not throw away the (break) sunglasses, we are not likely to repair them.
While waiting for a flight at the airport a passenger can have his hair (cut), his suit (press), shoes (shine).
(not to find) me in the postman left the parcel with my next-door neighbours.
“I don’t know if I see what you mean”, he said with a (hurt) expression.
(remember) the episode I couldn’t help laughing.
He walked along the street with his collar (turn) up, hands in pockets.
Герундий
Определение и грамматические характеристики
Герундий - это неличная форма глагола, обладающая номинативными и вербальными свойствами. Номинативные характеристики данной грамматической формы проявляются в его функциях в предложении (подлежащее, дополнение, предикативный член); в способности определяться существительным в притяжательном падеже или притяжательным местоимением; в препозиционном предложном сопровождении.
I like learning English. (дополнение)
Мне нравится изучение английского языка.
There is no objection to his joining us.
Нет возражений против того, чтобы он присоединился к нам.
She is tired of explaining one and the same thing many times
Она устала объяснять одно и тоже несколько раз.
Глагольные характеристики герундия совпадают с глагольными характеристиками причастия I: после герундия, образованного от переходных глаголов, следует прямое дополнение; герундий может определяться наречием; обладает временными различиями, а герундий, образованный от переходных глаголов и залоговыми.
He has no progress in learning the language.
У него нет прогресса в изучении языка.
She started crying bitterly.
Она начала громко плакать.
II. Формы и способы перевода на русский язык
Герундий образуется путем присоединения окончания -ing- к инфинитивной форме глагола. По своей форме герундий совпадает с формами причастия I. Чтобы различать данные грамматические формы, необходимо обратить особое внимание на их функции в предложении.
В современном английском языке герундий имеет следующие формы.
|
|
Active
|
Passive |
|
Indefinite
|
reading |
being read |
|
Perfect |
having read |
having been read
|
Поскольку подобной грамматической формы в русском языке не существует, то герундий может переводиться различными частями речи или придаточным предложением:
1. Инфинитивом
He thought it over before saying.
Он обдумал это, прежде чем сказать.
2. Деепричастием
On seeing him she started to laugh.
Увидев его, она начала смеяться.
3. Придаточным предложением
He regretted now having said the truth.
Он пожалел о том, что сказал правду.
Примечание: следует иметь в виду, что пассивные формы герундия, как правило, переводятся на русский язык придаточными предложениями.
After having been informed of the tragedy he immediately hurried to the spot.
После того, как ему сообщили о трагедии, он сразу же поспешил на место происшествия.