- •М.Ю. Кладова Вербалии и вербальные конструкции в английском языке
- •2002 Г.
- •Оглавление
- •Неличные формы глагола.
- •Инфинитив
- •I. Инфинитив
- •II. Использование инфинитива без частицы “to”.
- •Exercises.
- •IV. State the form of infinitive in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
- •V. Use the infinitives in brackets in the required form.
- •VI. Insert the particle “to” where necessary.
- •VII. Translation into English
- •III. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Exercises
- •VIII. Make up sentences so as to use the infinitive as predicative.
- •X. Paraphrase the following using a noun instead of the underlined verb with the infinitive as attribute, make all necessary changes.
- •Test yourselves
- •Nightwork (by I. Show.) An Extract.
- •IV. Инфинитивные конструкции
- •V. Объектная инфинитивная конструкция
- •Exercises
- •Insert the particle “to” in objective infinitive constructions where necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •V. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use objective infinitive constructions instead of the object clauses.
- •VI. Complete the following sentences so as to use objective infinitive constructions.
- •VIII. Read the text.
- •Theatre (by s. Maughm) An Extract
- •VI. Субъектная инфинитивная конструкция.
- •Exercises
- •Insert the particle “to” where required in the following sentences with objective and subjective infinitive constructions. Explain your choice.
- •The picture of Dorian Gray (by Oscar Wild) An Extract
- •VII. Инфинитивная конструкция с предлогом “for”. (For-to-Infinitive Construction)
- •Exercises
- •II. Construct For-to-Infinitive constructions using words in brackets in the appropriate form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Define the type of the infinitive constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Paraphrase the following so as to use various infinitive constructions instead of the subordinate clauses.
- •Nightwork (by I. Shaw) An Extract
- •Test yourselves
- •Insert particle "to" before the infinitive where required.
- •Test-paper
- •Причастие
- •Определение и формы.
- •Грамматические категории причастия
- •Функции причастия I в предложении
- •Функции причастия II в предложении
- •Exercises
- •I. Define the form of the participles.
- •II. Translate the word-combinations with participles into Russian and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •III. Define the function of the participles in the following sentences into Russian.
- •IV. Open the brackets using the correct form of participles.
- •V. Replace the clauses by the constructions with participles.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into English using participles in different functions.
- •VII. Read the text.
- •V. Причастные конструкции
- •Exercises
- •I. Find the objective participle constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •II. Find the subjective participle constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •III. Find nominative absolute participle constructions in the following sentences. Define the functions. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •IV. Paraphrase the following sentences, using participle constructions instead of adverbial clauses.
- •V. Paraphrase the following sentences, using adverbial clauses instead of participle constructions.
- •VI. Define the type of participle constructions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Find absolute constructions without a participle in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English, using participial constructions.
- •IX. Read the extract from the novel.
- •I. Define the function of Participles. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Test II
- •Герундий
- •Определение и грамматические характеристики
- •II. Формы и способы перевода на русский язык
- •Функции в предложении
- •IV. Герундиальная конструкция
- •V. Использование герундия
- •Exercises
- •II. Open the brackets using the gerund in the proper form.
- •III. Supply the correct preposition and the gerund form of the verb in the following sentences.
- •IV. Define the function of the gerund in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •V. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use gerundial constructions instead of subordinate clauses.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using the gerund and gerundial constructions.
- •VIII. Form predicative constructions with the gerund out of the elements in brackets.
- •IX. State whether the -ing-form is the gerund or the verbal noun. Explain your reasons. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •X. Read an extract from the novel.
- •I. Translate from Russian into English using the gerund or the constructions.
- •II. Insert the correct preposition before the gerund were required.
- •General review
- •I. Define the non-finite form of the verb and its function. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •II. Compare these pairs of sentences. What is the difference in meaning?
- •III. Complete the sentences using a suitable verb in the correct form.
- •IV. State the grammar phenomena expressed by the -ing-form.
- •V. Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb in the -ing or infinitive form.
- •VI. Use the gerund or the participle in the required form instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •VII. Define the type of the predicative constructions with non-finite forms of the verb in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Insert “not” or “without” before the -ing-form. Explain your choice and reason.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences into English using non-finite forms of the verb.
- •X. Read an extract from the novel.
- •Final Test
- •I. Using the correct form of the non-finite form of the verb instead of the infinitives in brackets.
- •II Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using non-finite forms of the verb.
- •Литература
Функции причастия II в предложении
1. Определение
Причастие II от переходных глаголов в функции обстоятельства соответствуют в русском языке страдательному причастию, а от некоторых глаголов действительному причастию с окончанием “ся”. Например: a broken cup - разбитая чашка; a problem discussed at the meeting - проблема, обсуждавшаяся на собрании.
В данной функции одиночное причастие II может стоять как до, так и после определяемого слова.
We enjoyed the played game. = We enjoyed the game played.
Нам понравилась сыгранная игра
В функции обстоятельства используют также и причастие II с зависимыми от него словами и стоит после определяемого слова.
The palace built by the famous Italian architect is magnificent.
Дворец, построенный известным итальянским архитектором, великолепен.
Причастие II от непереходных глаголов, обозначающих переход из одного состояния в другое, соответствует в русском языке действительному залогу или прилагательному. Например, a faded flower - увядший цветок, a retired colonel - отставной полковник.
2. Обстоятельство
В функции обстоятельства причастие II сопровождается союзами “when, while, if, as if, as though, etc”. На русский язык чаще всего переводится придаточным обстоятельственным предложением.
Причастие II может выступать в функции обстоятельства:
1) времени
When finished, the test-paper was given to the teacher.
Когда работа была закончена, ее отдали учителю.
2) условия
If explained properly, the rule wouldn’t seem so complicated.
Если бы правило объяснили должным образом, оно не казалось бы таким сложным.
3) сравнения
He looked at her as if shocked by her reaction to his words.
Он посмотрел на нее, словно был удивлен ее реакции на его слова.
4) уступки
Though surprised she didn’t show her real feelings.
Хотя она и была удивлена, но не показала своих истинных чувств.
5) причины
Shocked by the news, he couldn’t say a word.
Так как он был шокирован этой новостью, он не мог вымолвить ни слова.
Кроме вышеуказанных функций причастие II используется для образования пассивного залога и времен группы Perfect и Perfect Continuous.
Exercises
I. Define the form of the participles.
Written, having read, being done, bringing, having been informed, locked, leading, being filled, having been, hearing, been laid out, having spread.
II. Translate the word-combinations with participles into Russian and use them in the sentences of your own.
The voices singing the hymns, forbidden laws, separating the terrible from the normal, blazing windows of the town stores, the eyes staring ahead, things carried by the river, with stunned faces, a horse ridden by a tall man, flicking a finger in the face, spread all over the world.
III. Define the function of the participles in the following sentences into Russian.
It was a pleasant room overlooking the garden.
Turning to his sister, he grasped her hand.
I was sitting at the desk for a long time, lost in thoughts.
Embarrassed he didn’t know what to say.
Coming out of the dinning-room, we met other people.
He shook his head in a dissatisfied manner.
The people surrounding him were his friends.
Having reached the classroom, she became the object of many questions.
The boy was punished because of a broken cup.
He stood immovable, attracted by her beauty.
While waiting for her, he watched the people in the street.
Generally speaking, I didn’t believe him.
She stood as if thinking about something.
Though punished, he didn’t fell guilty.
The flowers faded, being kept without water for a long time.