- •Предисловие
- •1. The Compound sentence
- •1.1. State the type of coordination in the following sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •1.2. Insert the most appropriate conjunction. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •1.3. Translate into English. Use the inverted word order.
- •1.4. Comment on the means of connection in the following compound sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •1.5. Insert the necessary conjunctions and comment upon them. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •1.6. Complete the sentences using different types of coordination. Be specific.
- •1.7. Translate into English.
- •1.8. Complete the following sentences.
- •The complex sentence
- •2. The Types of subordination
- •2.2. Define whether the subordination is parallel or consecutive. Name the types of clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •3. Subject clauses
- •3.1. Point out the subject clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •3.2. Translate into English using the corresponding emphatic constructions.
- •3.3. Complete the sentences.
- •3.4. Answer the following sentences using the “emphatic it.”
- •4. Predicative clauses
- •4.1. Point out the predicative clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •4.2. Complete the sentences using predicative clauses.
- •4.3. Translate into English using predicative clauses.
- •5. Object clauses
- •5.1. Point out the object clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •5.2. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •5.3. Paraphrase the sentences with object clauses to use inverted word order in the principal clause.
- •5.4. Define what types of clauses are introduced by what. Translate into Russian.
- •6. Attributive clauses
- •6.1. Point out the appositive clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the connective.
- •6.2. Complete the sentences with an appropriate antecedent.
- •6.3. Point out the relative restrictive clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the conjunction.
- •6.4. Translate into English.
- •6.5. Insert the appropriate article.
- •6.6. Complete the sentences by using a particularizing clause.
- •6.7. Complete the sentences by using a classifying clause with the antecedent given in italics.
- •6.8. Point out the relative non-restrictive clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the conjunction.
- •6.9. Point out the relative clauses. Decide if they are restrictive or non-restrictive and punctuate accordingly. Translate into Russian.
- •6.10. Point out the continuative clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the conjunction.
- •6.11. Complete the sentences with a suitable attributive clause.
- •6.12. Define the type of attributive clauses (appositive, limiting, non-limiting, continuative). Translate into Russian.
- •6.13. Complete the sentences.
- •6.14. Insert the appropriate linking word. Sometimes more than one variant is possible.
- •6.15. Transform the sentences with the help of attributive clauses.
- •6.16. Translate into English using attributive clauses.
- •6.17. Complete the sentences with who, whom, which or that. Define the type of the clauses. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •7. ADverbial clauses
- •7.1. Point out the adverbial clauses and define their semantic type. Translate into Russian.
- •7.2. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of time.
- •7.3. Fill in the gaps with by, by the time, until.
- •7.4. Translate into English using the correct verb form.
- •7.5. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of purpose.
- •7.6. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •7.7. Join the sentences using the purpose word given.
- •7.8. Translate into English using adverbial clauses of purpose.
- •7.9. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of result.
- •7.10. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of result.
- •7.11. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of reason.
- •7.12. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of reason.
- •7.13. Underline the correct item.
- •7.14. Define the type of conditional sentence. Translate into Russian.
- •7.15. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of condition.
- •7.16. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of condition.
- •7.17. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of concession.
- •7.19. Fill in the gaps.
- •7.20. Complete the missing parts of the sentences.
- •7.21. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •7.22. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of concession.
- •7.23. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •7.24. Fill in the correct word.
- •7.25. Find the mistakes and correct them.
- •7.26. Point out the adverbial clauses and define their semantic type. Translate into Russian.
- •8. Parenthetical clauses
- •8.1. Point out the parenthetical clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •8.2. Paraphrase each two simple sentences into one complex with a parenthetical clause.
- •9. Sentences with mutually subordinated clauses
- •9.1. Analyse the following sentences with mutually subordinated clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •9.2. Insert the verb in the correct form.
- •9.3. Translate into English.
- •10. Appended clauses
- •10.1. Analyse the following sentences with appended clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •10.2. Complete the flowing sentences.
- •11. Absolute (independent) subordinate clauses
- •11.1. Analyse the clauses with implied condition or concession. Translate into Russian.
- •12. Grammatical homonyms
- •12.1. Analyse the members of the sentences introduced with with. Translate into Russian.
- •12.2. Analyse the members of the sentences introduced with as if. Translate into Russian.
- •12.3. Is the underlined word an adjective, a preposition, a conjunction, or an adverb? To what semantic group does it belong? Single out homonymous parts of speech.
- •13. Connectives
- •13.1. Point out the connectives and analyse them. Translate into Russian.
- •13.2. Insert the most appropriate connectives. Sometimes more than one variant is possible.
- •13.3. Use whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, whichever, however.
- •13.4. Comment upon the way of introducing the sub-clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •13.5. Join the sentences, then identify the function of the linking words in brackets.
- •13.6. Replace the underlined words with synonymous ones.
- •13.7. Complete the sentences using an appropriate linking word.
- •14. Inversion
- •14.1. Explain the cases of inversion n the following sentences.
- •14.2. Complete each sentence with an appropriate phrase.
- •14.3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
- •14.4. Complete each sentence with a suitable phrase containing the verb in brackets in an appropriate form.
- •14.5. Emphasize the underlined phrases using the inverted words order.
- •15. Revision
- •15.1. Analyse the following sentences. Define the types of the subordinate clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •15.2. Translate into English.
- •15.3. Combine the two sentences into one sentence using so, so that, because (of), since, as.
- •15.4. Translate into English.
- •Appendix 1. Texts for analysis Text 1
- •(Jackie Walters. Why is English the international lingua franca?)
- •Appendix 2. Glossary
- •List or recommended books
13.2. Insert the most appropriate connectives. Sometimes more than one variant is possible.
1. Nobody else in the village had seen any such boy, …….. the police were quite sure Frank had invented him. 2. The wealthy man ………. lived there ……… did he put it to any use. 3. This too belonged to a man – ……….. it was strangely high pitched, and cold as a sudden blast of icy wind. 4. Then he trod water for a while, thinking hard, ………. Myrtle sat and watched him. 5. Pigwidgeon was much too small to carry an entire ham up to the mountain by himself, ……… Harry enlisted the help of two school screech owls as well. 6. I swear that I don’t know ……. did it. 7. Harry wondered for a moment ……… he was speaking to. 8. I don’t know ………. spell to choose. 9. Wormtail, ……….. had been sputtering incoherently, fell silent at once. 10. Then came a burst of strong green light, ………. illuminated the scene. 11. The murders had been committed by Wormtail, Voldemort’s supporter, ……… nearly everybody now believed dead. 12. There came a bang from the other side of the trees ……… was louder than anything they had heard. 13. Harry finished reading and looked up at Ron, ……….. mouth was hanging open. 14. He placed the next spider upon the desktop, ………. it remained motionless. 15. The closest he had ever come to feeling like this had been during those months, …………. a large part of the school had suspected him of attacking his fellow students. 16. Harry wondered ……….. he hadn’t spotted him at once. 17. Then he started to edge forward toward the place ………. the dragons were. 18. ………… he’d finally did it, he hurried off to find Hermione. 19. Merchieftainess Murcus has told us exactly ……….. happened at the bottom of the lake, ………. we decided to award marks out of fifty for each of the champion. 20. Viktor Krum used an incomplete form of Transfiguration, ………….. it was effective. 21. Harry asked …….. owl he was going to use. 22. Harry could not make out …………. was going on in the corners of it. 23. When asked ……….. he was pushed out by Beijing, Tung replied, “That is not the case at all.” 24. He has also faced several accusations of bribery, although he has been acquitted on all such charges.
13.3. Use whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, whichever, however.
1. What was worst of all was that by means of such organizations as the Spies they were systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet this produced in them no tendency … to rebel against the discipline of the Party. 2. It is intolerable to us that an erroneous thought should exist anywhere in the world, … secret and powerless it may be. 3. So the performance continued to happen, once a week quite regularly, … it was not impossible. 4. He sat as still as a mouse, in the futile hope that … it was might go away after a single attempt. 5. It is therefore realized on all sides that … often Persia, or Egypt, or Java, or Ceylon may change hands, the main frontiers must never be crossed by anything except bombs. 6. Winston picked his way up the lane through dappled light and shade, stepping out into pools of gold … the boughs parted. 7. The words of these songs were composed without any human intervention … on an instrument known as a versificator. 8. But at any rate they could plug in your wire … they wanted to. 9. Talking to her, he realized how easy it was to present an appearance of orthodoxy while having no grasp … of what orthodoxy meant. 10. … her mouth was not corked with clothes pegs she was singing in a powerful contralto. 11. … way you turned, the telescreen faced you. 12. ‘Do not imagine that you will save yourself, Winston, … completely you surrender to us. 13. … his hands moved it was all as yielding as water. 14. She took it for granted that he, ‘the boy’, should have the biggest portion; but … much she gave him he invariably demanded more. 15. … it was, you could be certain that every word of it was pure orthodoxy, pure Ingsoc. 16. … his physical sensations were a little under control the terror returned. 17. The person, … it was, gave a small cough, evidently as a prelude to speaking. 18. It was filled with some kind of heavy, sand-like stuff which yielded … you touched it.