- •Предисловие
- •1. The Compound sentence
- •1.1. State the type of coordination in the following sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •1.2. Insert the most appropriate conjunction. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •1.3. Translate into English. Use the inverted word order.
- •1.4. Comment on the means of connection in the following compound sentences. Translate into Russian.
- •1.5. Insert the necessary conjunctions and comment upon them. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •1.6. Complete the sentences using different types of coordination. Be specific.
- •1.7. Translate into English.
- •1.8. Complete the following sentences.
- •The complex sentence
- •2. The Types of subordination
- •2.2. Define whether the subordination is parallel or consecutive. Name the types of clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •3. Subject clauses
- •3.1. Point out the subject clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •3.2. Translate into English using the corresponding emphatic constructions.
- •3.3. Complete the sentences.
- •3.4. Answer the following sentences using the “emphatic it.”
- •4. Predicative clauses
- •4.1. Point out the predicative clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •4.2. Complete the sentences using predicative clauses.
- •4.3. Translate into English using predicative clauses.
- •5. Object clauses
- •5.1. Point out the object clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •5.2. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •5.3. Paraphrase the sentences with object clauses to use inverted word order in the principal clause.
- •5.4. Define what types of clauses are introduced by what. Translate into Russian.
- •6. Attributive clauses
- •6.1. Point out the appositive clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the connective.
- •6.2. Complete the sentences with an appropriate antecedent.
- •6.3. Point out the relative restrictive clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the conjunction.
- •6.4. Translate into English.
- •6.5. Insert the appropriate article.
- •6.6. Complete the sentences by using a particularizing clause.
- •6.7. Complete the sentences by using a classifying clause with the antecedent given in italics.
- •6.8. Point out the relative non-restrictive clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the conjunction.
- •6.9. Point out the relative clauses. Decide if they are restrictive or non-restrictive and punctuate accordingly. Translate into Russian.
- •6.10. Point out the continuative clauses. Translate into Russian. Analyse the antecedent and the conjunction.
- •6.11. Complete the sentences with a suitable attributive clause.
- •6.12. Define the type of attributive clauses (appositive, limiting, non-limiting, continuative). Translate into Russian.
- •6.13. Complete the sentences.
- •6.14. Insert the appropriate linking word. Sometimes more than one variant is possible.
- •6.15. Transform the sentences with the help of attributive clauses.
- •6.16. Translate into English using attributive clauses.
- •6.17. Complete the sentences with who, whom, which or that. Define the type of the clauses. Sometimes more than one variant can be possible.
- •7. ADverbial clauses
- •7.1. Point out the adverbial clauses and define their semantic type. Translate into Russian.
- •7.2. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of time.
- •7.3. Fill in the gaps with by, by the time, until.
- •7.4. Translate into English using the correct verb form.
- •7.5. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of purpose.
- •7.6. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •7.7. Join the sentences using the purpose word given.
- •7.8. Translate into English using adverbial clauses of purpose.
- •7.9. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of result.
- •7.10. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of result.
- •7.11. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of reason.
- •7.12. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of reason.
- •7.13. Underline the correct item.
- •7.14. Define the type of conditional sentence. Translate into Russian.
- •7.15. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of condition.
- •7.16. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of condition.
- •7.17. Transform the sentences with the help of adverbial clauses of concession.
- •7.19. Fill in the gaps.
- •7.20. Complete the missing parts of the sentences.
- •7.21. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •7.22. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of concession.
- •7.23. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •7.24. Fill in the correct word.
- •7.25. Find the mistakes and correct them.
- •7.26. Point out the adverbial clauses and define their semantic type. Translate into Russian.
- •8. Parenthetical clauses
- •8.1. Point out the parenthetical clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •8.2. Paraphrase each two simple sentences into one complex with a parenthetical clause.
- •9. Sentences with mutually subordinated clauses
- •9.1. Analyse the following sentences with mutually subordinated clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •9.2. Insert the verb in the correct form.
- •9.3. Translate into English.
- •10. Appended clauses
- •10.1. Analyse the following sentences with appended clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •10.2. Complete the flowing sentences.
- •11. Absolute (independent) subordinate clauses
- •11.1. Analyse the clauses with implied condition or concession. Translate into Russian.
- •12. Grammatical homonyms
- •12.1. Analyse the members of the sentences introduced with with. Translate into Russian.
- •12.2. Analyse the members of the sentences introduced with as if. Translate into Russian.
- •12.3. Is the underlined word an adjective, a preposition, a conjunction, or an adverb? To what semantic group does it belong? Single out homonymous parts of speech.
- •13. Connectives
- •13.1. Point out the connectives and analyse them. Translate into Russian.
- •13.2. Insert the most appropriate connectives. Sometimes more than one variant is possible.
- •13.3. Use whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, whichever, however.
- •13.4. Comment upon the way of introducing the sub-clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •13.5. Join the sentences, then identify the function of the linking words in brackets.
- •13.6. Replace the underlined words with synonymous ones.
- •13.7. Complete the sentences using an appropriate linking word.
- •14. Inversion
- •14.1. Explain the cases of inversion n the following sentences.
- •14.2. Complete each sentence with an appropriate phrase.
- •14.3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
- •14.4. Complete each sentence with a suitable phrase containing the verb in brackets in an appropriate form.
- •14.5. Emphasize the underlined phrases using the inverted words order.
- •15. Revision
- •15.1. Analyse the following sentences. Define the types of the subordinate clauses. Translate into Russian.
- •15.2. Translate into English.
- •15.3. Combine the two sentences into one sentence using so, so that, because (of), since, as.
- •15.4. Translate into English.
- •Appendix 1. Texts for analysis Text 1
- •(Jackie Walters. Why is English the international lingua franca?)
- •Appendix 2. Glossary
- •List or recommended books
6.14. Insert the appropriate linking word. Sometimes more than one variant is possible.
1. Gleep is understanding though, ……….. is part of the reason I keep him around. 2. The Deveel frowned, craning his neck, ……….. at his height gave him considerable visibility. 3. His wings were just beginning to bud, ……. I took as a sign of immaturity, and his fangs were needle-sharp instead of worn to rounded points like his brethren in the stall. 4. There was no reason …………… he should feel responsible for my dragon. 5. We had little hope …………. we would overtake you, and with our new burden, it appeared it would be impossible. 6. The idea ………. I could draw energies from a distant location and control them would have seemed impossible to me, until Aahz pointed out it was the same as the candle-lighting exercise I had already mastered. 7. But as the interview proved so fruitful, I would like to send a token of my gratitude to that person ………….. spoke so highly of me to you. 8. The guard flushed bright red, and I noticed his partner’s knuckles whitening on the pike ………. he was gripping. 9. There is a kind of sorcery in all cooking: in the choosing of ingredients, the process of mixing, grating, melting, infusing and flavouring, the recipes taken from ancient books, the traditional utensils – the pestle and mortar with ……….. my mother made her incense turned to a more homely purpose, her spices and aromatics, giving up their subtleties to a baser, more sensual magic. 10. He shot a dark glance at Higgens, ………. was casually reaching for his crossbow. 11. They passed the purses over to Aahz, ……… hefted them judiciously before tucking them into his own waistband. 12. One of them, ……… was apparently the officer, had shouldered his way to the front of the group and stood sneering at us with folded arms. 13. There was a seat attached to the back of it, for Polly, in ………… she rode wearing a pale-blue cycling helmet stenciled with cartoon characters from Winnie-the-Pooh. 14. The army ……. you are facing is one of the mightiest forces ……… the world has ever seen.
6.15. Transform the sentences with the help of attributive clauses.
He is certainly not a man to trust and to respect.
When, in addition, I see a Chinese coin hanging from your watch-chain, the matter becomes even more simple.
He wore grey trousers, a not over-clean black frock-coat, unbuttoned in the front, and a waistcoat with a square pierced bit of metal dangling down as an ornament.
It’s time to close your book and start doing your tasks.
I have one slight objection to make.
Is there anybody to help my fetch those chairs?
She turned out to wear a wig and it scandalized everybody.
I don’t see any reason to decline his proposal.
The suggestion of taking a loan did not arise any enthusiasm in the family.
He was the first boy to be born to the family in the last ten years.
6.16. Translate into English using attributive clauses.
1. Меня вдруг объял ужас при мысли о том, что он принял мое молчание в тот вечер за одобрение. 2. Уверен, что он застрахован от поражения, ни на секунду не допускает мысли, что может вдруг проиграть. 3. Мальчик пришел, пока его его мать была у парикмахера, что разбудило в Арманде новую волну нежности к нему. 4. Арманда цокнула языком, обращаясь к кошке, которая заурчала громче. 5. Закат приближался, и это заставляло меня волноваться за Анук. 6. Анук пригласила своих новых друзей, что было очень кстати. 7. Меня покоробил не сам акт, возмутило даже не то, с кем ты его совершал, – я не мог смириться с тем простым фактом, что ты способен на грех. 8. Дюплесси, который обычно в это время выгуливает собаку, проходил мимо, и она окликнула его, попросила помочь с выгрузкой вещей. 9. Обещание, что ты будешь доверять мне, бесполезно. 10. Даже сварливый брюзга Нарсисс, который категорично отказался вскопать газон на кладбище в ноябре прошлого года, пошел со своим инвентарем облагораживать ее садик. 11. Я собиралась потратить мои деньги на новые ноты, – сказала Бет с легким вздохом, который услышали лишь подставка для чайника и щетка. 12. Пока мистер Лоренс прогуливался, Лори выполнил серию комических преобразований за его спиной, что вызвало взрыв смеха у Джо. 13. Я думаю, что мальчик, который родился в Италии, не очень крепок, и старик боится потерять его, что делает его таким заботливым. 14. Я не уверена, но думаю, это потому что его сын, отец Лори, женился на итальянской леди, музыкантше, что не понравилось гордому старику. 15. У нее был очерченный рот, забавный нос и колючие серые глаза, которые казалось видели все и смотрели то свирепо, то насмешливо, то задумчиво.