Test yourself Test 1

Directions: Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. Wages and salaries account for nearly three fourth of the total national

A B C

income generated in the United States annually.

D

2. Farmers use chemicals on fruits and vegetables, and some of these

A B C

chemicals are very poisonous.

D

3. Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.

A B C D

4. The Lake Erie is one of the five Great Lakes in North America.

A B C D

5. Comets are apparently the more numerous bodies in the solar system

A B C

except for small meteor fragments.

D

6. Vitamin E, which is found in nutritious foods such as green vegetables

A B

and whole grains, action as an antioxidant in cell membranes.

C D

7. Fast-food restaurants have become popular because many working people

A B C

want to eat quick and cheap.

D

8. Staying in a hotel costs twice more than renting a room in a dormitory for

A B C

a week.

D

9. By the time the police located the stolen car, the thieves have already

A B C

escaped to Portugal.

D

10. Paul says they will get their exam results in two weeks time.

A B C D

11. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to

A B C D

submit the proposal.

12. On a salary like his, it’s not surprised that he finds it hard to make ends

A B C D

meet.

13. Some of these people are friends of my and the rest of them are people

A B C D

from the office.

14. The food that Martha is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.

A B C D

15. When I opened the fridge there were only a bottle of milk, a packet of

A B C

butter, and some eggs.

D

16. The company has so few money that it can hardly operate anymore.

A B C D

17. I don’t know if the manager will get back to the office today. But if he

A B C

does, I’ll tell him to call to you.

D

18. Did you know that sailors were not allowed to whistle on ships at sea?

A B

People use to believe that whistling would bring high winds and cause

C

danger to the ship.

D

19. Margaret Thatcher, who was Prime Minister of Great Britain for 12 years,

A B

is now known as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven.

C D

20. Stephen Leacock, one of Canada’s great writers of humorous fiction, once

A

said about himself, “I’m a great believer in luck, and I find that the harder

B C

I work, the much I have of it.”

D

Test 2

Directions: Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. The doctor answered all our questions and gave us some advices on health

A B C D

issues.

2. The technician mends the photocopier so you can’t use it at the moment.

A B C D

3. A great number of reporters was at his press conference about minority

A B C D

rights.

4. Our journey to Niagara Falls was far long than we all thought it would be.

A B C D

5. I wanted to set up my own business, but because I didn’t have some capital,

A B C

I had to give up the idea.

D

6. According to official statistics, every day there is more than a dozen traffic

A B C D

accidents in the city.

7. Although both of them are trying to get the scholarship, she has the

A B C

highest grades.

D

8. The Vatican City or the Vatican, officially called the Holy See, is the world’s

A B

smallest independent state with a population of about 800, neither of whom

C D

are national permanent residents.

8. The more electricity you use, the high your bill will be.

A B C D

8. My brother doesn’t care how much does the car cost because he is going to

A B C D

buy it anyway.

8. The car is nice to drive, but I don’t like it’s colour.

A B C D

8. Mel’s grandmother is in the hospital, so we went to visit her last night.

A B C D

8. Arthur was the youngest in the family, his twin sisters Melanie and Rosie

A B

were four years elder than him.

C D

8. Ten minutes are too little time to finish this report.

A B C D

8. Nuclear power does not use much fuel, one ton of uranium produces as

A B

many electricity as twenty thousand tons of coal.

C D

8. The price of crude oil was used to be a great deal lower than now.

A B C D

8. By the time you finish getting ready, we’ll miss the train.

A B C D

8. Alexander the Great became King when he was twenty and continued the

A B C

work that his father has begun.

D

8. You say that Notre Dame is half as higher as the Eifel Tower? – Exactly. It

A B

is one hundred fifty metres higher than Notre Dame.

C D

8. He says that neither the director nor the secretary want to leave yet.

A B C D

Test 3

Directions: Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. Many people in the west think that Brunei is in the Middle East but it isn’t;

A B

it’s in the East Asia, on the north coast of the island of Borneo.

C D

2. We had a very good weather while we were on holiday.

A B C D

3. A lot of dead fish has been found in the river next to the chemical plant.

A B C D

4. It has been raining for two days when suddenly the sun came out.

A B C D

5. AStatue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from France to the United States.

A B C D

6. In London there are a lot of streets with the same name and it’s very confused

A B C D

if you are a tourist.

7. Two years are a long time to be unemployed.

A B C D

7. I’m making breakfast. How many toasts do you want?

A B C D

9. Only about twenty per cents of the people voted in the local government

A B C

elections.

D

10. The average lead pencil can draw a line thirty-five mile long or write

A B

about thousand words.

C D

10. The problem of unemployment has became worse in recent months, and

A B

yesterday the president announced the introduction of a new set of measures to

C D

deal with it.

10. I remember she used to wear her hair shortly.

A B C D

10. Oxford is ninety kilometers from London – about an hour by car, bus or

A B C

train and only sixty-four kilometers from the Heathrow Airport.

D

14. According to research reports, people are usually turning in their sleep 25 to

A B C

30 times each night.

D

15. There is a new luxury five-star hotel in town, isn’t it?

A B C D

15. Tornadoes can pick up objects as heavy as automobiles and carry them for

A B

hundreds of foot.

C D

15. By Christmas, she will be working for our company for five years.

A B C D

18. Nick does not care how much does the car cost because he is going to buy it

A B C

anyway.

D

19. The steam engine is usually thought of as a relatively modern invention,

A B

but the Greeks had built a kind of steam engine in ancient times.

C D

20. Arthritis, a painful swelling of the joints, is often associated with elderly

A B C

people, but it afflicts young as well.

D

Test 4

Directions:Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1.     The teacher’s comments are designed to help improve your knowledges and

A B C

understanding.

D

2.     Three-quarter of the people interviewed said that they supported the

A B C

president.

D

3.     Charlie Chaplin was a English film actor and a director, who did most of his

A B C

work in the USA.

D

4.     There is a few chance that population growth will level off before 2050 at the

A B

earliest, but there are a few indications that the growth rate will probably keep

C D

declining.

5.  This film is least exciting than the other one we saw.

A B C D

6. He has two watches, but neither of them doesn’t work properly.

A B C D

7.     The colonists who first settled in New England did so because they felt there

A B C

was none social justice in their homeland England.

D

8.     Stress on the job costs American companies as many as one hundred fifty

A B

billion dollars a year in lower productivity, unnecessary employee sick leave,

C D

and higher medical costs.

9.     Have you seen some good films recently? – No, I haven’t been to the cinema

A B C D

for ages.

10.      I don’t think he will have time to accept you and discuss the matter. He is

A

leaving for the airport at 4 o’clock sharply.

B C D

11.      Are bacon and eggs what he usually eats for breakfast?

A B C D

12.      I found it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I lost my ticket, but

A B C

he believed me in the end.

D

13.      Although New Zealand is a very small country, the beauty of its nature

A B

including mountains, beaches, glaciers, and hot springs, attracts hundred of

C D

tourists every year.

14.           It was only when I got home that I realised I forgot my keys in the office.

A B C D

15.      The news he told his wife were a shock to her.

A B C D

16.      Hopefully, he will have learn everything by the time he sits the exam.

A B C D

17.      All the roads were blocked: it has been snowing all night long.

A B C D

18.      London has twice as many banks as the rest of the south-eastern England.

A B C D

19.      The worse earthquake in one hundred-forty years left Japan struggling for

A C B

survival on Friday, March 11, 2011.

D

20. I talked to the students and all think that both Mike and I have lots of money,

A B C

but we really don’t have very much.

D

Test 5

Directions:Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. The world’s largest islands are Greenland and New Guinea, the largest

A B

lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Victoria and Lake Huron, the largest deserts are

C

Sahara Desert and Australian Desert.

D

2. If you give us a five percents discount, we’ll make a firm order of five

A B C

thousand units.

D

3. The number of people who drink Coke for a breakfast in the United States is

A B C

nine hundred sixty-five thousand.

D

4. Last year Americans spent six times as much money for pet food than they

A B C

did for baby food.

D

5. Farther evidence is needed to support recent research which suggests that

A B C

certain chemicals found in broccoli may act as cancer preventatives.

D

6. She isn’t at home because she’s gone to hospital to visit her grandmother

A B C

who is ill with pneumonia.

D

7. The police thinks that more than one person was in the stolen car.

A B C D

8. The road was wet and slippery: it has been raining heavily all night.

A B C D

9. Your perfume is smelling so nice. What is it? – It is a new perfume called ‘In

A B C D

Love’.

10. A man is as old as he feels, and a woman is as old like she looks.

A B C D

11. The news on the radio and TV stations confirm that a serious storm is

A B C

approaching the city.

D

12. What’s the use of talking about diets if you are always nibbling chocolate

A B

biscuits or something between having meals?

C D

13. Phyllis had written two-third of the report when she was told they didn’t

A B C D

need it.

14. According to the economic laws, the greater the demand, the high the price.

A B C D

15. Both his parents are very proud of him for getting a good education, but

A B

none of them can understand why he can’t find a suitable job.

C D

16. We had hardly took our seats when the lights went out and the film started.

A B C D

17. America has cut its oil imports from the Middle East by seventy-three per

A B C

cents.

D

18. London has twice as more banks as the rest of south-eastern England.

A B C D

19. I’m not going to the lecture tonight because I’m not very interesting in the

A B C D

subject.

20. Immediately after the quake, powerful tsunami waves ten-foot high washed

A B C

up the coastal areas of Japan, causing complete destruction of the areas.

D

Test 6

Directions:Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. Nobody love is as constant and unselfish as a mother’s.

A B C D

2. Only a month now remained and no a moment must be lost.

A B C D

3. The party was held in the house of the Johnson.

A B C D

4. The only thing that stood out clearly was his parentes house.

A B C D

5. The boy drove many sheeps in the direction of the village.

A B C D

6. I was presented with a dozens of handkerchiefs.

A B C D

7. I must have two tooths pulled out.

A B C D

8. The child were bitterly crying over the broken toy.

A B C D

9. The scout brought several valuable information.

A B C D

10. A very strange phenomena was observed by astronomers yesterday.

A B C D

11. What more books by Kipling besides “Mowgli” did you read in your

A B C D

childhood?

12. The book gives many food for thought.

A B C D

13. When I think of this, my heart turns for stone.

A B C D

14. No one had seen him since and the police was searching for him.

A B C D

15. A tiger is a big catlike animal ranging in several races from India to

A B C D

Siberia.

16. Jarie understood why Lanny didn’t come the previous evening.

A B C D

17. Everybody was at the bus station but the guide hadn’t come already.

A B C D

18. The librarian will registered all the books that come into the library by the end

A B C D

of the week.

1. I suppose that when my letter will reache you, you will return from your

A B C D

village.

20. We call Renaissance the time of the great revival of art and learning which has

A B C D

covered the 15^th and 16^th centuries.

Test 7

Directions:Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. The clouds were lieing so closely below the plane that nothing could be seen

A B C D

of the earth.

2. Soon he saw light in the distance and understood that he was on the right

A B C D

track.

2. The performance of the play proved to be a much deal better than I could

A B C

ever expect.

D

2. Many thousands of years ago Cyprus had been famous for its copper.

A B C D

2. The delegation will start for London as soon as they will receive their visas.

A B C D

2. During dinner while Andrew was chewing his piece of old meat, Mrs Page

A B

helped herself to wine and hot beefsteak.

C D

2. They completed all preparations for the fancy dress ball by 5 o’clock.

A B C D

2. No sooner she had opened the drawer when she found the photo which she

A B

thought she had lost.

C D

2. Our pilot had asking for permission to take off for ten minutes already, but

A B

he got no answer yet.

C D

2. Approximately 30 percent of all parents in the world let their children to

A B C

attend school.

D

2. Thomas hided the money somewhere close to his home.

A B C D

2. She drawed the curtain back and the room was flooded with gold.

A B C D

2. The girl written the address down on the card, which she gave to the servant

A B C

to post.

D

2. By the time the clock on the tower struck midnight the streets of a city were

A B C

almost deserted.

D

15. Will you have any more tea, Charles? I think you’ve had more than is good

A B C D

for you.

16. Latin is a dead language now, but it has been the international language

A B C

some four centuries ago.

D

17. Americans share a number of values, among them achievement, practical,

A B C

material comfort and democracy.

D

18. Some individuals see the issue of smoking as a matter of personal freedom

A B C

of choices.

D

19. Society uses such human emotions as proud, shame, guilt.

A B C D

20. A competitive company can increase its profit by cutting its costs or

A B C

increase its sales.

D

Test 8

Directions:Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. The boxis made with iron and has a tricky lock.

A B C D

2. Eskimos were the first people to live, hunt and traveling in the Siberian

A B C D

tundra.

3. Stores can bring in more customers when they staying open longer hours or

A B C

stock more things.

D

3. Playing jokes on April Fools Day is common in many regions, although

A B

none knows how the tradition began.

C D

3. An interest in architecture often involves preserving old buildings and

A B

modifying it for new uses.

C D

3. Plants with short roots system are best suited for areas where they do not

A B C

receive much rainfall.

D

7. By the time babies are seven months old their able to sit up without support.

A B C D

8. It is probably that a well- developed memory is crucial in learning a foreign

A B C D

language.

9. The Saudi Arabian economy depends large on the petroleum industry and oil

A B C D

production.

10. Veterinary medicine is the branch of medical science where deals with the

A B C

diseases of animals.

D

11. Research indicates that genetic inputs influence who we react to alcohol.

A B C D

12. What the violin-maker glues the violin parts together, he uses no nails or

A B C D

screws.

13. Not everyone wish to or can afford to purchase a home.

A B C D

14. Left to themselves, rain forests sustains their ecological systems indefinitely.

A B C D

15. During the day the sun warm the air near the earth’s surface and the heated air

A B C D

rises.

16. Cyclical unemployment figures include workers who lose their jobs because a

A B C D

recession.

17. Of all the paved roads in the nation 93 percent are covered by asphalt.

A B C D

18. Each of the musicians in the orchestra were rehearsing daily before the concert

A B C

tour began.

D

19. Side photographic light it dose not show surface detail as well as front light.

A B C D

20. Television news give you more information than radio news.

A B C D

Test 9

Directions:Each sentence (1 – 20) has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

1. Although Japan is crowded, the Japanese has a high standard of living.

A B C D

2. Balm which grown in damp and shady woodlands is a tall, fragrant herb of the

A B C

mint species.

D

3. Cabbage and lettuce have such a short stems and broad leaves that they appear

A B C

to have no stems at all.

D

4. It is not known why many seeds undergo a period of dormancy even during the

A B C

times when conditions for them growth is favorable.

D

5. The price theory that represents the core of microeconomics explained how the

A B

variability of supply and demand in competitive markets creates the interplay of

C D

goods and services.

6. When wine grapes contain the proper amounts of acid and sugar required to

A B C D

produce wine.

7. Beef and dairy cattle is major sources of income in Louisiana, which has a mild

A B C D

climate.

8. The metric system is a system of measures and weights which is first adopted in

A B C D

France.

9. In ancient Rome people are used sticks made of metal with a pointed end for

A B C

writing on waxed tablets.

D

10. Stratford-on-Avon is a small town in central England where Shakespeare has

A B C D

been born.

11. Some two centuries ago when there were no trains, cars and trams, people used

A B C D

to travelling in carriages.

12. From the door he shouted that he will be back in two hours.

A B C D

13. The British labour movement developed as a means of improve working

A B C

conditions through

PRESENT TENSES 20

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE 21

Ex.5. Write and read the he/she/it forms. 21

Ex.8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple. 22

Model: She doesn’t often agree with us, does she? 22

You are not really asking a question, you are only inviting the listener to agree with you. So your voice goes down at the end of the tag. 23

I am late, aren’t I? 23

You are asking if you’re late. So the voice goes up. 23

1. It’s a lovely day today, _________? – Yes, it’s absolutely wonderful. 23

2. I hear you speak fluent French, ________ . 23

3. There is something wrong, __________. 23

4. She is our new secretary, ________. 23

5. You know my telephone number, _________ . 23

6. You remember my address, __________. 23

7. He finishes work at 6.00, _________. 23

8. She is busy, _________. 23

9. It’s cold, _______. 23

10. The meeting is at three o’clock, _________. 23

11. These figures don’t astonish our boss, _________. 23

12. Jack enjoys fast driving, _________. 23

13. They don’t work at weekend, _________ . 23

14. She doesn’t care about him, ________. 23

Ex.11. Complete the questions. 23

Ex.12. Match the questions with the answers. 23

Ex.13. Alice is at a job interview at the moment. 24

Ex.15. Open the brackets and put the time expressions in the right place. The first two sentences have been done for you as an example. 24

Ex.17. Correct the mistakes if there are any. 25

Ex.18. Translate into English. 25

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 25

A. 25

B. 26

C. 26

Ex.20. Add –ing to the verbs in these sentences. 26

c - actions which happen too often and we want to express our annoyance or criticism; 26

Ex.23. Match two parts of the sentences in the box to make up logical sentences describing people’s criticism, annoyance or surprise. 27

- You ________________________________________________. 27

Ex.27. Translate into English. 29

THE PRESENT SIMPLE versus THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS 29

Ex.28. Open the brackets, putting the verbs into the correct form, the Present Continuous or the Present Simple. Compare the sentences, try to elicit the difference. 29

Ex.29. Match the questions and answers. 30

Ex.31. Translate into English. 30

Ex.4. Read the poem. Pay attention to the way of making questions. 51

Have you ever seen the beaches of Mexico? 51

Have you ever been in trouble? 52

1. John Grisham is a well-known American writer. He has written about twenty novels still/so far. 53

3. Jeff is very sad. He has ever/just failed the exam. 53

4. We’ve just/already gone through the customs. 53

5. Have you never/ever tasted paella? – Yes, I have. I tasted it when I was on holiday in Spain. 53

6. You’re just in time. The concert hasn’t begun still/yet. 53

7. I have never/just seen this film before. 53

8. Have you seen any good films since/ lately? 53

9. The secretary has typed ten letters this morning yet/so far. 53

10. Our neighbours have moved to another town recently/so far. 53

Ex.9. Fill in for or since. 53

5. ______ they moved to Italy 53

10. ______ a long time 53

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 56

Ex.18. Write and read the he/she/it forms. Make other necessary changes. 56

Ex.20. Ask questions using the question words in brackets. 57

1. We have been working on this project for two years. (How long?) 57

2. Mike has been working with us since January. (Since when?) 57

3. He is an experienced specialist. But you know, he has been making too many 57

mistakes lately. (Who?) 57

4. I hear Sharon is looking for a new job. - Yes, she is. She has been looking 57

for it for about two or three months. (What?) 57

5. It seems strange but she has been avoiding me over the last few days. (Why?) 57

Ex.21. In pairs, ask and answer questions. 57

Ex.24. Correct the mistakes if there are any. 58

1. They are been travelling for two weeks. 58

2. I’ve thinking about you all week. 58

3. I can’t say exactly how long I have been knowing Simon. 58

4. She have been making phone calls all morning. 58

5. He has been being ill for a couple of weeks. 58

6. It has been raining all day. I wonder when it will stop. 58

7. They have been hearing to music for two hours. 58

8. Mr. Robinson is working in the same place for over thirty years, and he is not planning to retire. 58

9. Do you have a driving license? – Yes. I have been having it for four years now. 58

10. I’m not surprised Katie has failed her exam. She has been not working hard recently. 58

11. You’re so red! How long were you sunbathing? All morning? – I haven’t been sunbathing. I’ve been reading in the sun. 58

Ex.25. Translate into English. 58

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS versus THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 59

Ex.26. Read and compare the sentences: 59

Laura, the baby is crying. - She has been crying for almost ten minutes. I can’t do anything. 59

Complete the situations in 1-4 like in the sentences above and explain the difference between them. 59

1. It’s raining. – Indeed, it ___________________. 59

2. He is sleeping. - But he _______________. 59

3. Who are you waiting for? - The designer. I _________________. 59

4. Sorry, I can’t help you with your homework. I am revising for my exam. ________________________. 59

THE PRESENT PERFECT versus THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTNUOUS 59

Ex.27. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous. 59

Model: I’ve checked the calculations. (the focus on the completion) → 59

I’ve been checking the calculations since/all morning. (the focus on the activities) 59

1. I (play) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ golf four times this week. 59

2. Ralph (repair) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ the washing machine since morning. 59

4. - Stacy says she (not finish) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ reading the book yet. 59

- But she (read) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ it for about a month. 59

5. Vitaliy and Vladimir Klitschko, the world heavyweight boxing champions, (win) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ a lot of gold medals. 59

6. Everything is white. It (snow) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ all night. 59

7. Betsy is upset because she just (hear) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ some bad news. 59

8. It smells of paint. Dad (paint) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ the table. 59

9. Carol and her family (be) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ in Sweden for three years. They (live) ___________ there since 2009. 59

10. No wonder that Samantha hasn’t done any work. She (talk) ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­___________ on the phone all morning. 59

Unit 3.TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 62

62

LEAD-IN 62

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES 62

A. Reading drills 62

Ex.1. Practice reading the following words: 62

Ex.2. Read the following words. The underlined letters are silent. 63

Bomb, comb, lamb, debt, write, know, knife, doubt, receipt, psychology. 63

Ex.3. Read the words in the group below. Pay attention to the word stress. 63

B. Word formation 63

What other noun or adjective suffixes do you know? Give examples. 63

TEXT A: TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 63

Market Economic System 65

Command Economic System 65

Mixed Economic System 66

Language notes: 66

we are tempted to say – ми схиляємось до ствердження того, що… 66

Ex.1. Find the English equivalents in the text. 67

Ex.3. Give three forms of the following verbs. Find the sentences with these verbs in the text. 67

Deal, make, say, come, cost, choose, see, do, find, speak, be, sell. 67

Model:economic system 67

e.g. People have made use of a variety of economic systems. 67

Ex.5. Match up the words on the left with the definitions on the right. 67

1 67

aneconomicsystem 67

a 67

economy, with some free enterprise and some government ownership 67

2 68

a traditional economic system 68

b 68

an economic system in which the state or government manages the economy 68

3 68

a market economic system 68

c 68

also commonly described as a free enterprise or capitalist system 68

4 68

a planned economy or directed economy 68

d 68

one in which people's economic roles are the same as those of their parents and grandparents 68

5 68

mixed economic system 68

e 68

6 68

laissez-faire 68

f 68

a way of answering three basic questions:what, how and for whom to produce 68

Ex.6. Choose an appropriate word or a phrase to complete the following sentences. 68

Ex.7. Complete the following sentences with prepositions. 68

Ex.8. Combine two parts logically to make a complete sentence. 69

Ex.10. Translate into English: 70

LANGUAGE SKILLS 71

Ex.11. Ask questions to which the following sentences may be answers. 71

Ex.12. Answer the questions: 71

Ex.16. Write an essay (100-150 words) about:. 72

a) Pros and cons of command economies. 72

Ex.17. With your partners do the following. 72

TEXT B:COMMAND ECONOMY 72

73

Ex.21.Read the text more thoroughly and answer the questions. 75

TEXT C: THE GOOD (AND BAD) MODEL GUIDE 75

Task 1.Compare European models − German, Swedish and Dutch: what they have in common and in what they are different. 77

Task 2.Compare European economic models with American, Asian (Japanese and East Asian) and New Zealand. Say which of the models you consider the most effective. 77

Task 3.If somebody is obsessed with an idea (para.2), is he 77

a) disagreeing strongly with it; 77

b) refusing to support it; 77

c) having the mind excessively preoccupied with this idea. 77

c) to keep stable. 77

Memorise the language of giving directions: 80

GRAMMAR EXERCISES 86

PAST TENSES 86

Unit 4. DEMAND AND SUPPLY 102

1. Supply always comes on the heels of demand. Robert Collier, American motivational author, (1885-1950) 116

Ex.4. Read a sample telephone conversation. 122

Ex.5. Read and study useful phrases. 122

I’ll look forward to seeing you. 123

Asking to meet 123

Agreeing on a date 123

Suggesting a different date 123

Setting a time 123

Changing the arrangement 123

Serge: Hi, Ann. It’s Serge. I’m calling to make an appointment for LeeAnn. She wants to meet Miles next week sometime. 124

Ann: Let me take a look at his appointment schedule. Let’s see, can LeeAnn be here on Tuesday at 2 pm? 124

Serge: No, she’s tied up all Tuesday afternoon, but I could shuffle around some of her commitments to free her up on Tuesday morning, if that helps. 124

Ann: Unfortunately, Tuesday morning is out. I could bump someone on Wednesday afternoon at 3 pm. Can LeeAnn be here at that time? 124

Serge: She has an appointment at 2:30 in this office, but it shouldn’t last more than a half hour. She should be able to make it by 3 o’clock if she’s not running late. Better yet, I may be able tochange something, maybe push back that appointment until she gets back to the office. Why don’t you pencil her in for now? 124

Ann: Okay, I’ll do that, but can you confirm with me by Monday? 124

Serge: Sure, I’ll give you a heads up no later than noon on Monday if I can’t push back her other appointment. 124

Ann: Okay, sounds good. Tell me, do you ever feel like we’re spinning our wheels, spending our days making, changing, and canceling appointments? 124

Serge: Yeah, every single day! 124

Ex. 7. Role-play the dialogue. 124

Rachel: Hello, my name is Rachel Jones and I'd like to make an appointment to speak to Mr. Smith. 124

Secretary: Can I ask you what is the purpose of the appointment? 124

Rachel: Of course. I met him at a luncheon last week and he asked me to call him to make an appointment to talk about a job. 124

Secretary: Okay. Mr. Smith has an appointment available on Monday June 10th at 4 pm or Thursday June 13th at 2 pm. Which one would be better for you? 124

Rachel: Monday at 4pm would be perfect. 124

Secretary: Excellent. I've got you down for that day and time. Can I have your phone number just in case something comes up and he needs to reschedule? 124

Rachel: Yes, certainly. It is 085-897-9393. 124

Secretary: (repeats the phone number to make sure it's correct) 085-897-9393. 124

Rachel: That's it. Thank you so much. I'll see you on Monday June 10^th at 4 pm. 124

Secretary: Have a nice day! 124

Ex.8. Complete the dialogue with the words and word combinations from the box. 125

A) 125

call me, can I help you, cannot leave, could you come, how about a little later, 125

I’d like to make an appointment, is that OK with you, may not be able to arrive, 125

will be seen, work 125

A: Good morning. Dr. Brown's office. __________? 125

A: Good morning. I __________with Dr. Brown. 125

B: Ok. Just a minute. __________on Monday at 1:00 pm? 125

A: No. Monday is a busy day for me. I __________until 9:00 pm. I __________the office early. 125

B: What about Wednesday at 6:00 pm? __________? 125

A: __________? You know how heavy the traffic is at 6. I __________on time. 125

B: OK. You __________by Dr. Brown on Wednesday at 7. OK? If you can't come for any reason, please __________and I will try to set another time. 125

B: OK. Thanks. 125

2. Your partner will then suggest a different time. Accept the second time. 126

Ex.10. Work in pairs. Practice making and changing an appointment.You are going to role-play five situations. Refer to Ex. 5 for useful phrases. 126

1. A. You're a chemical engineer who works in the company's R&D labs. You're attending a conference on a new chemical processing technology. A friend from college (who is now a professor doing research in the same area) will be attending the conference. You want to schedule some time to talk to him and get his perspective on recent developments in the field. But he is hard to reach. 126

B. An old friend from college (who is doing research work in the same field as you in the R&D labs of a large corporation) wants to get together and talk. You try to find some time for him in your busy schedule. 126

2. A. You sell expensive medical equipment. You have to make an appointment to talk with a doctor who is very influential at a hospital where you're trying to close a sale. You want to get him in the right mood so you invite him to play a round of golf at an expensive country club. 126

B. You're a doctor at an important university hospital. A salesman selling cancer treatment equipment has been hounding you trying to get some time to talk with you. Now he wants to meet over golf which doesn't seem too bad to you. You try to find some time for him in your busy schedule. 126

3. A. You own 20% of a company and feel that your ideas about where the company should be heading aren't being taken into account by the company's management. You schedule a meeting with the CEO to talk about this. 126

B. You are the CEO of a company. A major stockholder in the company has called you up repeatedly trying to get some time to talk to you about his vision of the future for the company. His ideas aren't really compatible with yours but you think it judicious to hear him out. You schedule some time for him over lunch. 126

4. A. Your friend has a job providing tech support to sales reps at a promising software startup. You've heard that there's an opening and you want to talk to your friend about the possibility of you landing the job. You suggest lunch or beer after work. 126

B. One of your best friends has just arrived back from his adventures in Asia. He's trying to find a job again and thinks you can help him to talk to your boss into giving him a job in customer support. You both decide to meet over lunch. 126

5. A. You're an investment banker visiting Jakarta to set up some merger and acquisition deals. A reporter wants to interview you. 126

B. You're a reporter who wants to write an insider story on the corporate reorganizations that are taking place in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. You make an appointment to talk with an investment banker (a friend of a friend) to talk about what's going on. 126

Ex.15. Ask questions using the questioning words in brackets. 133

1. They had been working on this project for 5 years before they finished it. (How long?) 133

2. My Mum had been working for this company for 15 years before she retired. (Who?) 133

3. I had been thinking of moving since September and then I got a promotion. (Since when?) 133

4. My friend had been trying hard to improve the situation but eventually she failed. (What?) 133

5. By seven o'clock last night she had already been typing for ten hours, so I told her to rest for a while. (By what time?) 133

Ex.16.In pairs, ask and answer questions. 133

11. He was happy. He got a position at TNT. (Look for a job as an IT manager.) 134

Ex.19.Correct the mistakes if there are any. 134

1. I was tired. I have been writing the composition the whole evening. 134

2.They were been travelling for a week when they reached the point of destination. 134

3.We were exhausted. We had been sightseeing in the town all day long. 134

4. He passed his English exam easily. He had been studying very hard before. 134

5. Katherine and Josh looked very angry. They had argued since morning.. 134

6. Tracy had been preparing for the presentation until she met a deadline. 134

7. The kitchen smelled of vanilla. Mum was preparing for the big event for 5 hours. 134

8. They trained hard for the whole year. It was their big success. 134

9. Dave was happy. He and Maria had been doing their best until they won the contest. 134

10.I wasn’t surprised Pete had failed his exam. He wasn’t working hard during the semester. 134

Ex.20. TranslateintoEnglish. 134

1. Вона жила в Києві вже два роки , але так і не знала свій район. 134

2. Вона сказала, що вона вчила англійську з дитинства. 134

3. Коли я приїхала у відпустку на море, мої друзі були там уже два тижні. 134

4. У Люсі очі були червоні. Вона плакала весь ранок. 134

5. Джесіка та Джері будували будинок вже рік, коли розпочалась економічна криза. 134

6. Майкл був надто втомлений. Збори тривали з ранку. 134

7. Наша секретарка друкувала папери вже пів години, коли прийшов шеф і сказав, що вже не потрібно. 134

8. Сніг йшов всю ніч. Вранці всі будинки були вкриті снігом. 134

9. Вона промокла наскрізь. Всю дорогу до станції вона йшла без парасольки. 134

10.Анастасія була найкраща репортерка. Вона працювала в нашій газеті з самого початку. 135

Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous? 135

Ex.24. Open the brackets and use the proper tense (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous). 136

Look at the picture. What do you think the phrase Live out of a suitcase mean? 166

Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple. 174

1. Take this opportunity, and I guarantee you ____________ (not regret) it. 174

2. I don’t think we ____________ (need) to cook anything else for them. 174

3. Do you think we ____________ (win)? 174

4. I’m sure your luggage ____________ (turn up) soon. 174

5. I promise we ____________ (write) to you regularly. 174

6. We certainly ____________ (consider) your suggestion. 174

7. I am afraid Mr Jarvis ____________ (not be) there tomorrow. 174

8. His parents believe he ____________ (become) a great pianist one day. 174

9. Life ____________ (be) better a hundred years from now. 174

10. Did you remember to reserve a table in the restaurant? – Oh no, I forgot. I ____________ (telephone) right now. 174

11. She has cut my hair too short. – Don’t be so upset. It ____________ (grow) again very quickly. 174

12. I expect the article ____________ (appear) in May’s issue of the magazine. 174

13. Is that the phone? – Yes, but don’t get up! I ____________ (answer) it. 174

14. If I finish before you, I ____________ (wait) for you outside. 174

15. You ____________ (understand) a lot when you grow older. 174

Ex.4. Read and write the opposite (positive or negative). Make other changes if necessary. The first sentence has been done for you as an example. 174

1. I’m sure he will drive us to the airport. – I’m afraid he won’t drive us to the airport. 174

2. I hope we will arrive on time. – ____________________________________. 174

3. She says we won’t have a test tomorrow. – ___________________________. 174

4. We’ll stop at the next filling station. – _______________________________. 174

5. He won’t pay the bill. – ___________________________________________. 174

6. People will forget about him in a few years. – _________________________. 174

7. This week we won’t need more money than usual. – ____________________. 174

8. I think Frederick will go to Africa next year. – _________________________. 174

9. I don’t think they will support us. – _________________________________. 174

10. Scientists predict that climate won’t seriously change in the third millennium. – ______________________________________________________________. 174

Ex.5. Put will or won’t in the best place in the sentence. 175

1. I hope there be no problems getting a visa. 175

2. It isn’t a holiday season, and there be many tourists there. 175

3. I’m sure it be difficult to find accommodation at this time of the year. 175

4. Do you think we be able to buy tickets there? 175

5. Ruth be here for your engagement party? 175

6. I’m afraid we get there in time. 175

7. Could you possibly change my flight to the evening? – Wait a minute. I just check the computer. 175

8. I’m sorry, but there be any time for us to have lunch. 175

9. Our ice-creams are melting. I put them in the freezer. 175

10. Tomorrow be a very busy day for me. I don’t think I have time to go shopping with you. 175

11. You hold this box for a moment while I am unpacking it? 175

12. Someone kindly tell me what is going on around here? 175

13. Is there anything good on TV tonight? – I don’t know. I have a look in the newspaper. 175

14. Your fax is absolutely illegible. I can’t read the document. – Sorry about that. I send it again. 175

15. Just tell me what it cost in round numbers. 175

Purposes of Taxation 312

indirect tax – непрямий податок, тобто податок на товари та послуги, встановлений у вигляді надбавки до ціни або тарифом (акциз – excise tax, податок на додану вартість – value-added tax, мито – customs duty, екологічні податки – environmentally related taxes/charges/fees/duties); 316

60% of taxpayers must hire a professional to get through their own return. 324

Taxes eat up 38.2% of the average family's income; that's more than for food, clothing and shelter combined. 325

Test 1 362

D 362

D 362

D 362

D 362

D 362

D 363

D 363

C 363

D 363

A 363

D 363

Test 2 363

D 364

C D 365

D 365

Test 3 365

D 366

D 366

D 366

D 366

D 367

Test 4 367

D 367

D 367

A 368

D 368

D 368

Test 5 368

C 369

Sahara Desert and Australian Desert. 369

D 369

D 369

D 369

D 369

D 369

D 369

D 369

D 370

D 370

Test 6 370

Test 7 371

D 372

D 372

D 372

D 372

D 373

D 373

D 373

D 373

Test 8 373

D 373

Test 9 374

ДІЄСЛОВО 396

THE VERB 396

ГРУПА МИНУЛИХ ЧАСІВ 414

НАКАЗОВИЙ СПОСІБ 431

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 431

Sit down, everybody! 432

Don’t you say a word! (не You don’t say a word!) 432

Let me go there! 433

Let us (let’s) do it together. 433

Let him go there. 433

Let him not go there. (Порівняйте: Don’t let him go there). 433

Let us not do it together/ Let’s not do it together або Don’t let’s do it together. 433

ІМЕННИК 434

THE NOUN 434

Деякі іменники мають особливі форми у множині: 439

АРТИКЛЬ 454

CATEGORY 468

Thingsconsideredtobeunique 468

Planets 468

Continents 468

The four cardinal points and directions 469

Geographicalregions 469

Historicalreferences 470

Countries 470

Northern Ireland, 472

Valleys 476

Deserts 476

Both, neither, either, none 497

Неозначено-особові займенники 509

Indefinite Personal Pronouns 510

Коли ми говоримо не конкретно про когось, а узагальнено, ми використовуємо наступні займенники: 510

You: 510

They: 510

They say it will be very cold this winter (They say – Говорять, …) 510

They також використовується, коли ми не знаємо стать людини, про яку говоримо. 510

If anyone calls for me, ask them to leave а message, please. 510

One: 510

Appendix 1 525

Словотворення 525

Word formation 525

III Іменники, що позначають людей 527

The Financier, by Theodore Dreiser 560

Chapter III 560

UNIT 3. Types of economic systems 610

GRAMMAR: Past Tenses. The Past Simple (Indefinite) and the Past Continuous Tenses 610

UNIT 4. Demand and supply 611

GRAMMAR: The Past Prefect Tense. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Past Tenses Review. 611