- •Unit 1. What is economics?
- •Lead-in
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Text a: What is Economics? Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: what economics isn't
- •Text c: Micro, Macro and Fantasy Economics
- •Business communication
- •Introductions How to Say Hello
- •If you're determined not to be caught cardless again, here are some tips to help you remember:
- •Grammar present tenses
- •The present simple tense
- •Make up questions the interviewer may ask her. Here are some prompts to help you.
- •Now formulate questions Alice is likely to ask the interviewer.
- •The present continuous tense
- •The present simple versus the present continuous
- •Unit 2. Factors of production
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Word-formation
- •Text a: factors of production Active Vocabulary
- •Natural resources – land and mineral deposits
- •Human resources – labour
- •Information as a factor of production
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Text b: entrepreneurship
- •Text c: Factors of Production for an Innovation Economy
- •Business communication
- •In the office
- •Grammar the present perfect tense
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •The present continuous versus the present perfect continuous
- •The present perfect versus the present perfect contnuous
- •Present tenses review
- •Unit 3.Types of economic systems
- •Lead-in
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Text a: types of economic systems Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b:command economy
- •T ext c: the good (and bad) model guide
- •Business communication
- •Grammar exercises past tenses
- •The past simple tense
- •The past continuous
- •The past simple versus the past continuous
- •The past simple versus the present perfect
- •Unit 4. Demand and supply
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: demand and supply
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b. The role of prices
- •T ext c: two factors that affect labour supply and demand
- •Business communication making an appointment
- •Grammar past perfect
- •Past perfect continuous
- •Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past Simple, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past tenses review
- •Unit 5. Free-enterprise system
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: what is free enterprise?
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: role of government in a free-enterprise economy
- •Text c: invisible hand
- •Business communication at the airport Look at the picture. What do you think the phrase Live out of a suitcase mean?
- •Going through Customs.
- •Do the drills.
- •2) Role-play the situations in the airport using the vocabulary of the lesson. Grammar future tenses
- •The future simple tense
- •The future simple versus the present simple
- •The future simple versus be going to
- •Be going to versus the present continuous
- •The future continuous tense
- •The future continuous versus the future simple
- •The future perfect versus the future perfect continuous
- •Future tenses review
- •The imperative mood
- •Unit 6. Forms of business organisation
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Word formation
- •Text a: forms of business organisation Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: nonprofit organisations
- •Text c: franchising
- •Business communication at the hotel
- •In pairs read the following situations.
- •2). Choose the correct options to the questions.
- •Grammar nouns
- •ArticleS
- •IntoEnglish.
- •Unit 7. Money
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: money and its role in the economy Active Vocabulary
- •Money is a medium of exchange
- •Money is a measure of value or a unit of account
- •Money is a store of value
- •Money is a means of liquidity
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: a glimpse of the american, british and euro
- •Text c: a barter way of doing business
- •Business communication On the phone
- •Inquiring about the telephone number
- •Useful Language Box
- •Grammar determiners
- •Numerals
- •Unit 8. Taxes
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Text a: taxes Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: taxation in the uk
- •Text c: taxes are good
- •Business communication
- •In company
- •Grammar pronouns
- •Adjective and adverb
- •Very, too, far, much, a lot, rather, a bit, a little, any, by far, quite, nearly, almost
- •Test yourself Test 1
- •Test 11
- •Test 12
- •Test 13
- •Test 14
- •Test 15
- •Граматичний довідник дієслово the verb
- •Дієслова to be і to have.
- •Часи дієслова
- •Група теперішніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Правила написання дієслівних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Загальна таблиця випадків використання
- •Не мають форми тривалого часу дієслова, що виражають
- •Інші дієслова, які не можуть виражати дію або стан як процес:
- •Група минулих часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання минулих часів
- •Група майбутніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання майбутніх часів
- •Інші способи вираження майбутнього часу
- •Наказовий спосіб
- •Іменник the noun
- •Число іменників
- •Деякі іменники мають особливі форми у множині:
- •Утворення множини іменників
- •Класифікація іменників за ознакою обчислювані/необчислювані
- •Випадки переходу необчислюваних іменників у обчислювані
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом в однині
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом у множині
- •Рід іменників
- •Рід іменників в англійській мові
- •Відмінки іменників
- •Відмінок іменника. Форми та особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Форми присвійного відмінку
- •Особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Вживання іменників - назв неістот у присвійному відмінку
- •Іменники у функції означення
- •Артикль
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля.
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля a/an (тільки із обчислюваними іменниками в однині)
- •A/anабо one
- •Артиклі з деякими необчислюваними іменниками
- •Вживання означеного артикля
- •Вживання означеного артикля the
- •Вживання нульового артикля (відсутність артикля)
- •Детермінанти
- •Присвійні прикметники і займенники
- •Присвійні прикметники
- •Присвійні займенники
- •Вказівні слова
- •Кількісні слова
- •Some/any/no
- •Many/much/a lot (lots) of/ (a) few/ (a) little
- •All (of)/most (of)
- •Every/each
- •Another/the other/other
- •Both, neither, either, none
- •Числівники
- •Займенник
- •Особові займенники
- •It або there?
- •Неозначено-особові займенники
- •Indefinite Personal Pronouns
- •Зворотні займенники
- •Прикметник
- •Прислівник
- •Ступені порівняння прикметників
- •Особливі випадки утворення ступенів порівняння прикметників і прислівників
- •Appendices
- •Словотворення Word formation
- •Enjoy your reading
- •I, Pencil My Family Tree as told to Leonard e. Read
- •Innumerable Antecedents
- •Money The History of Money
- •Extract 1
- •Extract 2
- •Extract 3
- •Success story
- •The Financier, by Theodore Dreiser Chapter III
- •The Iron Heel, by JackLondon Chapter 2 Challenges
- •Glossary
- •Internet Resources
- •Contents
2) Role-play the situations in the airport using the vocabulary of the lesson. Grammar future tenses
Ex.1. Find the verbs in the sentences below, define their tense forms and translate them into Ukrainian.
Model:
Next year our company will have been building bridges for over 50 years. (Future Perfect Continuous) We will have fulfilled the main project by the end of the autumn. (Future Perfect) Most probably, we will take part in the tender for the construction of a new bridge. (Future Simple) I believe we will be able to win the tender. (Future Perfect) I am going to discuss it with the board of directors in Hamburg. This time tomorrow I’ll be flying there. (Future Continuous)
By the beginning of November, Brian and I will have been working here for ten years. My friend is going to quit the job and make a fresh start. I think he will accept the job offer from the Los Angeles Times.
I’ll be very busy at 4 this afternoon. We will be discussing our new project with the investors. It will be our third meeting. We will have finished the meeting by the time you arrive at the office.
We’re going to make a contract with this company. I hope we will make a contract with them tomorrow. By the time Nadine finishes her job and prepares all the necessary papers, we will have been working on this contract for a few hours. We will have signed the contract by 6 o’clock.
Shall I get the papers for you, Martin? – No, not now. I’m going to Glaxo in a few minutes. You will have booked the flight by the time I get back, won’t you? – I’ve booked it already. And I’ve arranged your accommodation. You’ll be staying in the Carlton Hotel. – Good. Thank you, Patricia.
Ex.2. Define what tense forms should be used in the following micro-situations. You don’t need to translate the sentences.
Що я буду робити завтра о десятій годині? У цей час я буду готуватися до екзамену. Я цілий день буду зайнятий. Удень я збираюся попрацювати в університетській бібліотеці. Гадаю, я попрацюю там години дві або три. Ні, до третьої години я не закінчу. Я буду повторювати матеріал вже кілька годин, коли ви прийдете.
Ти завтра не чекай на мене о першій годині. Я у цей час буду складати екзамен Сподіваюсь, до четвертої години я вже складу. Я тобі одразу зателефоную. У будь-якому випадку, до того часу, коли я прийду додому, ти вже будеш відпочивати і дивитись телевізор години півтори.
Наступного місяця ми отримаємо перші інвестиції і робота пожвавиться. До того часу, коли він вийде на роботу, ми вже закінчимо всі підготовчі роботи. У жовтні буде півроку, відколи ми готуємо цей проект.
Я збираюсь поїхати завтра. Я їду завтра. Мій поїзд рушає о п’ятій годині. Добре, я поїду післязавтра. У цей час я якраз буду їхати (буду в дорозі). До того часу я вже поїду. Я буду їхати вже більш години, коли ти зможеш повідомити мені, поїдеш ти туди чи ні.
The future simple tense
Ex.3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple.
Take this opportunity, and I guarantee you ____________ (not regret) it.
I don’t think we ____________ (need) to cook anything else for them.
Do you think we ____________ (win)?
I’m sure your luggage ____________ (turn up) soon.
I promise we ____________ (write) to you regularly.
We certainly ____________ (consider) your suggestion.
I am afraid Mr Jarvis ____________ (not be) there tomorrow.
His parents believe he ____________ (become) a great pianist one day.
Life ____________ (be) better a hundred years from now.
Did you remember to reserve a table in the restaurant? – Oh no, I forgot. I ____________ (telephone) right now.
She has cut my hair too short. – Don’t be so upset. It ____________ (grow) again very quickly.
I expect the article ____________ (appear) in May’s issue of the magazine.
Is that the phone? – Yes, but don’t get up! I ____________ (answer) it.
If I finish before you, I ____________ (wait) for you outside.
You ____________ (understand) a lot when you grow older.
Ex.4. Read and write the opposite (positive or negative). Make other changes if necessary. The first sentence has been done for you as an example.
I’m sure he will drive us to the airport. – I’m afraid he won’t drive us to the airport.
I hope we will arrive on time. – ____________________________________.
She says we won’t have a test tomorrow. – ___________________________.
We’ll stop at the next filling station. – _______________________________.
He won’t pay the bill. – ___________________________________________.
People will forget about him in a few years. – _________________________.
This week we won’t need more money than usual. – ____________________.
I think Frederick will go to Africa next year. – _________________________.
I don’t think they will support us. – _________________________________.
Scientists predict that climate won’t seriously change in the third millennium. – ______________________________________________________________.
Ex.5. Put will or won’t in the best place in the sentence.
I hope there be no problems getting a visa.
It isn’t a holiday season, and there be many tourists there.
I’m sure it be difficult to find accommodation at this time of the year.
Do you think we be able to buy tickets there?
Ruth be here for your engagement party?
I’m afraid we get there in time.
Could you possibly change my flight to the evening? – Wait a minute. I just check the computer.
I’m sorry, but there be any time for us to have lunch.
Our ice-creams are melting. I put them in the freezer.
Tomorrow be a very busy day for me. I don’t think I have time to go shopping with you.
You hold this box for a moment while I am unpacking it?
Someone kindly tell me what is going on around here?
Is there anything good on TV tonight? – I don’t know. I have a look in the newspaper.
Your fax is absolutely illegible. I can’t read the document. – Sorry about that. I send it again.
Just tell me what it cost in round numbers.
Ex.6. Make questions using the question words in brackets.
Jane says she will speak to the manager about it. (when) - When will Jane speak to the manager?
Helena says her brother will graduate from college in a few months. (when)
Martin says he won’t start looking for a job after leaving school. (why)
He will apply to two or three universities instead. (where)
Mary will probably start studying Spanish next year. (what language)
I guess William will be the driving force in this business. (who)
The installation of a new computer system will take about a week. (how long)
The first stage will be finished in a couple of days. (when)
John will take you from the airport. (who)
Wait for me, please. I’ll be ready in a few minutes. (when)
Ex.7. Complete the statements with question tags. Make a response.
Model:
You’ll help Linda in understanding the details of the contract, won’t you? -Certainly, I will.
Let’s go swimming, shall we? - A good idea, let’s.
Don’t be long, will you? - No, I won’t. At least, I’ll try.
She won’t go on a night train, __________?
You’ll drive carefully, __________?
They won’t raise the prices again, __________?
Customers will get huge discounts by booking in advance, __________?
This job will offer you excellent opportunities for promotion, __________?
You won’t sign this document, __________?
There will be enough room for everyone, __________?
You won’t tell anyone, __________?
Let’s go for a walk, __________?
Don’t forget to call us as soon as you arrive, _________?
Ex.8. Replace the words in bold with will or shall.
Can you hold this parcel for me so I can tape it up? – Will you hold this parcel for me so I can tape it up?
Why don’t we go out for dinner tonight?
Do you want me to open the champagne?
Can you help me with it?
Would you like me to carry that for you?
Why don’t we contact Eric? He may be able to help?
Сan you explain how it works?
Where do you want me to put all these papers? – On my desk.
Let’s take one more swim before we go back to the hotel.
Do you want me to e-mail these sales figures to our head office?
Can you hold this shopping bag for me while I open the door?
Why don’t we wait until the rain stops?
It’s hot and very stuffy in here. Can you open thе window?
What do you want me to do with all this shopping?
Can you call me as soon as you arrive in Toronto?
Ex.9. Make a request or offer to do something in the following situations.
Model:
This programme isn’t very good.
a request: Will you change the channel to a news programme?
an offer: Shall I change this channel to another one?
This box is very heavy. I can’t even lift it.
I can’t find my glasses.
I’ve forgotten all about posting the letter.
It’s so hot and stuffy in here.
Oh dear! I haven’t got any money with me.
I see you don’t know how to make it start.
You’re short of time. And you haven’t booked a taxi yet.
It’s late now, and the television in your room is so loud!
Our dinner is almost ready but we haven’t got any bread.
This coffee is too sweet for me. I can’t drink it.