- •Unit 1. What is economics?
- •Lead-in
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Text a: What is Economics? Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: what economics isn't
- •Text c: Micro, Macro and Fantasy Economics
- •Business communication
- •Introductions How to Say Hello
- •If you're determined not to be caught cardless again, here are some tips to help you remember:
- •Grammar present tenses
- •The present simple tense
- •Make up questions the interviewer may ask her. Here are some prompts to help you.
- •Now formulate questions Alice is likely to ask the interviewer.
- •The present continuous tense
- •The present simple versus the present continuous
- •Unit 2. Factors of production
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Word-formation
- •Text a: factors of production Active Vocabulary
- •Natural resources – land and mineral deposits
- •Human resources – labour
- •Information as a factor of production
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Text b: entrepreneurship
- •Text c: Factors of Production for an Innovation Economy
- •Business communication
- •In the office
- •Grammar the present perfect tense
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •The present continuous versus the present perfect continuous
- •The present perfect versus the present perfect contnuous
- •Present tenses review
- •Unit 3.Types of economic systems
- •Lead-in
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Text a: types of economic systems Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b:command economy
- •T ext c: the good (and bad) model guide
- •Business communication
- •Grammar exercises past tenses
- •The past simple tense
- •The past continuous
- •The past simple versus the past continuous
- •The past simple versus the present perfect
- •Unit 4. Demand and supply
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: demand and supply
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b. The role of prices
- •T ext c: two factors that affect labour supply and demand
- •Business communication making an appointment
- •Grammar past perfect
- •Past perfect continuous
- •Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past Simple, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past tenses review
- •Unit 5. Free-enterprise system
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: what is free enterprise?
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: role of government in a free-enterprise economy
- •Text c: invisible hand
- •Business communication at the airport Look at the picture. What do you think the phrase Live out of a suitcase mean?
- •Going through Customs.
- •Do the drills.
- •2) Role-play the situations in the airport using the vocabulary of the lesson. Grammar future tenses
- •The future simple tense
- •The future simple versus the present simple
- •The future simple versus be going to
- •Be going to versus the present continuous
- •The future continuous tense
- •The future continuous versus the future simple
- •The future perfect versus the future perfect continuous
- •Future tenses review
- •The imperative mood
- •Unit 6. Forms of business organisation
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Word formation
- •Text a: forms of business organisation Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: nonprofit organisations
- •Text c: franchising
- •Business communication at the hotel
- •In pairs read the following situations.
- •2). Choose the correct options to the questions.
- •Grammar nouns
- •ArticleS
- •IntoEnglish.
- •Unit 7. Money
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: money and its role in the economy Active Vocabulary
- •Money is a medium of exchange
- •Money is a measure of value or a unit of account
- •Money is a store of value
- •Money is a means of liquidity
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: a glimpse of the american, british and euro
- •Text c: a barter way of doing business
- •Business communication On the phone
- •Inquiring about the telephone number
- •Useful Language Box
- •Grammar determiners
- •Numerals
- •Unit 8. Taxes
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Text a: taxes Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: taxation in the uk
- •Text c: taxes are good
- •Business communication
- •In company
- •Grammar pronouns
- •Adjective and adverb
- •Very, too, far, much, a lot, rather, a bit, a little, any, by far, quite, nearly, almost
- •Test yourself Test 1
- •Test 11
- •Test 12
- •Test 13
- •Test 14
- •Test 15
- •Граматичний довідник дієслово the verb
- •Дієслова to be і to have.
- •Часи дієслова
- •Група теперішніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Правила написання дієслівних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Загальна таблиця випадків використання
- •Не мають форми тривалого часу дієслова, що виражають
- •Інші дієслова, які не можуть виражати дію або стан як процес:
- •Група минулих часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання минулих часів
- •Група майбутніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання майбутніх часів
- •Інші способи вираження майбутнього часу
- •Наказовий спосіб
- •Іменник the noun
- •Число іменників
- •Деякі іменники мають особливі форми у множині:
- •Утворення множини іменників
- •Класифікація іменників за ознакою обчислювані/необчислювані
- •Випадки переходу необчислюваних іменників у обчислювані
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом в однині
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом у множині
- •Рід іменників
- •Рід іменників в англійській мові
- •Відмінки іменників
- •Відмінок іменника. Форми та особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Форми присвійного відмінку
- •Особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Вживання іменників - назв неістот у присвійному відмінку
- •Іменники у функції означення
- •Артикль
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля.
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля a/an (тільки із обчислюваними іменниками в однині)
- •A/anабо one
- •Артиклі з деякими необчислюваними іменниками
- •Вживання означеного артикля
- •Вживання означеного артикля the
- •Вживання нульового артикля (відсутність артикля)
- •Детермінанти
- •Присвійні прикметники і займенники
- •Присвійні прикметники
- •Присвійні займенники
- •Вказівні слова
- •Кількісні слова
- •Some/any/no
- •Many/much/a lot (lots) of/ (a) few/ (a) little
- •All (of)/most (of)
- •Every/each
- •Another/the other/other
- •Both, neither, either, none
- •Числівники
- •Займенник
- •Особові займенники
- •It або there?
- •Неозначено-особові займенники
- •Indefinite Personal Pronouns
- •Зворотні займенники
- •Прикметник
- •Прислівник
- •Ступені порівняння прикметників
- •Особливі випадки утворення ступенів порівняння прикметників і прислівників
- •Appendices
- •Словотворення Word formation
- •Enjoy your reading
- •I, Pencil My Family Tree as told to Leonard e. Read
- •Innumerable Antecedents
- •Money The History of Money
- •Extract 1
- •Extract 2
- •Extract 3
- •Success story
- •The Financier, by Theodore Dreiser Chapter III
- •The Iron Heel, by JackLondon Chapter 2 Challenges
- •Glossary
- •Internet Resources
- •Contents
Past perfect continuous
Ex.13. Read the sentences and define the tense forms. Translate them into Ukrainian.
We had been sleeping for 12 hours when he woke us up.
They had been waiting at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived.
We had been looking for her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom.
I had not been walking for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.
How long had she been learning English before she went to London?
Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he had been singing in the rain too long.
He had been driving less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.
They were very tired in the evening because they had been helping on the farm all day.
I had not been working all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night.
They had been cycling all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
Ex. 14. Complete the sentences, putting the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous.
The room was empty, but the television was still on. Someone_____(watch) it.
They _______(wait) long before the taxi arrived.
We_______ (try) to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.
It ________(rain) hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.
Her friends had been _____(think) of calling the police when she walked in.
They_____ (wait) at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived.
Не looked very tired when I came to his place for he______(prepare) for his exams for several days.
They ______________ (shout) for a few hours before their parents arrived.
John was in a detention because he_______(misbehave).
I had to go on a diet because I ________(eat) too much sugar.
Jessica got sunburnt because she had been _____(lie) in the sun too long.
The boys ________(quarrel) for half an hour when we arrived home.
I ______(date) Angelina for 3 years before we got married.
Ex.15. Ask questions using the questioning words in brackets.
They had been working on this project for 5 years before they finished it. (How long?)
My Mum had been working for this company for 15 years before she retired. (Who?)
I had been thinking of moving since September and then I got a promotion. (Since when?)
My friend had been trying hard to improve the situation but eventually she failed. (What?)
By seven o'clock last night she had already been typing for ten hours, so I told her to rest for a while. (By what time?)
Ex.16.In pairs, ask and answer questions.
1. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. – Had they been writing the report before Tony arrived? –No, they hadn’t. They had been talking. How long had they been talking? – They had been talking for over an hour.
She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
You had been waiting to get on the bus for 40 minutes.
Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he leftfor Asia.
Jason was tired because he had been writing the course paper.
Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending classes.
He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
Ex.17. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
consider, drive, quarrel, practice, work, burn, hope, rain, write, try |
1.He _______the car for many hours before he came to the crossroads.
2. The pianist _______ the passage hour after hour till he mastered it.
3. When I met her, her eyes were red. She and Mike _______ .
4. When I came, they ______ this question for more than an hour.
5. It was evening and he was tired because he _______ since dawn.
6. He ______ to get her on the phone for 15 minutes before he heard her voice.
7. By 12 o’clock they _______ a composition for hours.
8. The fire _______ for some time before a fire brigade came.
9. I ______ to meet her for ages when I bumped into her by chance.
10. When I left home, it was raining, and as it _______ since morning, the streets were muddy.
Ex.18. Complete the sentences with the Past Perfect Continuous to explain the reason.
Example: Mary got burnt. (Lie in the sun)- Mary got burnt because she had been lying in the sun.
Mum looked upset. (Read and cry over a sad story.)
Tom ran out of fuel. (Drive for 8 hours.)
Bob’s trainers were dirty. (Play football all afternoon.)
They looked angry. (Discuss the problem with the board of directors.)
Fiona was exhausted. (Pack her suitcase.)
Melanie’s eyes were red. (Work at the computer all day long.)
She looked stunning. (Go shopping at the weekend.)
They were sad to move the house. ( Live at the same place for 20 years.)
At last they put up the tent. (Walk in the forest for 3 hours.)
Tom and Anna got married. ( Date for three years.)
He was happy. He got a position at TNT. (Look for a job as an IT manager.)
Ex.19.Correct the mistakes if there are any.
1. I was tired. I have been writing the composition the whole evening.
2.They were been travelling for a week when they reached the point of destination.
3.We were exhausted. We had been sightseeing in the town all day long.
4. He passed his English exam easily. He had been studying very hard before.
5. Katherine and Josh looked very angry. They had argued since morning..
6. Tracy had been preparing for the presentation until she met a deadline.
7. The kitchen smelled of vanilla. Mum was preparing for the big event for 5 hours.
8. They trained hard for the whole year. It was their big success.
9. Dave was happy. He and Maria had been doing their best until they won the contest.
10.I wasn’t surprised Pete had failed his exam. He wasn’t working hard during the semester.
Ex.20. TranslateintoEnglish.
1. Вона жила в Києві вже два роки , але так і не знала свій район.
2. Вона сказала, що вона вчила англійську з дитинства.
3. Коли я приїхала у відпустку на море, мої друзі були там уже два тижні.
4. У Люсі очі були червоні. Вона плакала весь ранок.
5. Джесіка та Джері будували будинок вже рік, коли розпочалась економічна криза.
6. Майкл був надто втомлений. Збори тривали з ранку.
7. Наша секретарка друкувала папери вже пів години, коли прийшов шеф і сказав, що вже не потрібно.
8. Сніг йшов всю ніч. Вранці всі будинки були вкриті снігом.
9. Вона промокла наскрізь. Всю дорогу до станції вона йшла без парасольки.
10.Анастасія була найкраща репортерка. Вона працювала в нашій газеті з самого початку.