PET Imaging of Brain Tumors
Karl-Josef Langen and Norbert Galldiks
Contents |
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1 |
Introduction ........................................................................ |
122 |
2 |
Methods............................................................................... |
122 |
2.1 |
18F-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose ........................................ |
122 |
2.2 |
Radiolabeled Amino Acids .................................................. |
122 |
2.3 |
Radiolabeled Nucleoside Analogs ....................................... |
123 |
2.4 |
Imaging of Hypoxia ............................................................. |
123 |
2.5 |
Imaging Angiogenesis ......................................................... |
123 |
2.6 |
Somatostatin Receptors........................................................ |
123 |
2.7 |
Radiolabeled Choline........................................................... |
124 |
3 |
Delineation of Tumor Extent, Biopsy Guidance, |
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and Treatment Planning .................................................... |
124 |
4 |
Tumor Grading and Prognosis ......................................... |
125 |
5 |
Treatment Monitoring ....................................................... |
127 |
6 |
The Diagnosis of Tumor Recurrence/Progression........... |
128 |
7 |
PET in Patients with Brain Metastasis ............................ |
129 |
8 |
Imaging of Brain Tumors in Children ............................. |
130 |
9 |
Perspectives......................................................................... |
130 |
References .................................................................................... |
130 |
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Abstract
Routine diagnostics and treatment monitoring of brain tumors is usually based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the capacity of conventional MRI to differentiate tumor tissue from nonspecific tissue changes may be limited especially after therapeutic interventions such as neurosurgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Molecular imaging using positron-emission tomography (PET) may provide relevant additional information on tumor metabolism, which allows for more accurate diagnostics especially in clinically equivocal situations. In the last decades, a variety of molecular targets have been addressed by specific PET tracers, but only a few have achieved relevance in routine clinical practice. This book chapter is focussed on PET tracers that appear to be especially helpful in clinical decision-making with regard to a better delineation of brain tumors, prognosis, and grading, improved differentiation of tumor recurrence from nonspecific posttherapeutic changes, and treatment monitoring.
Abbreviations
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PET |
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MRI |
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MET |
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K.-J. Langen (*) |
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FET |
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Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, |
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Forschungszentrum Jülich, |
FDOPA |
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D-52425 Jülich, Germany |
BBB |
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e-mail: k.j.langen@fz-juelich.de |
FLT |
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Department of Nuclear Medicine, |
FMISO |
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RWTH Aachen University Hospital, |
HGG |
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Aachen, Germany |
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LGG |
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N. Galldiks |
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Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, |
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Forschungszentrum Jülich, |
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D-52425 Jülich, Germany |
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Department of Neurology, |
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University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany |
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E. Hattingen, U. Pilatus (eds.), Brain Tumor Imaging, Medical Radiology. Diagnostic Imaging,
DOI: 10.1007/174_2016_937, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Positron-emission tomography Magnetic resonance imaging 11C-methionine 18F-fluoroethyltyrosine
3,4-Dihydroxy-6-18F-fluoro-L-phenylalanine Blood-brain barrier 18F-3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine 18F-fluoromisonidazole
High-grade gliomas Low-grade gliomas
121