MR Spectroscopic Imaging
Elke Hattingen and Ulrich Pilatus
Contents |
Abbreviations |
1 |
Methods.............................................................................. |
56 |
ATRT |
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1.1 |
Introduction to MRS ........................................................... |
56 |
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1.2 |
Summary of Spectroscopic Imaging |
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BCNU |
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Techniques Applied in Tumor Diagnostics ......................... |
57 |
GBM |
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1.3 |
Partial Volume Effects Due |
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HIF1α |
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to Low Resolution ............................................................... |
60 |
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1.4 |
Evaluation of Metabolite Concentrations............................ |
60 |
PFS |
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1.5 |
Artifacts in Metabolite Maps .............................................. |
60 |
PNET |
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2 |
Tumor Metabolism............................................................ |
61 |
PRESS |
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3 |
Tumor Grading and Heterogeneity |
67 |
rGBM |
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STEAM |
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3.1 |
Some Aspects of Differential Diagnosis |
68 |
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T |
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4 |
Prognostic Markers |
70 |
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Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor Bis-chloroethylnitrosourea (carmustine) Glioblastoma multiforme Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha Progression-free survival
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor Point resolved spectroscopy Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme Stimulated echo acquisition mode Tesla
5 |
Treatment Monitoring ...................................................... |
70 MR spectroscopy (MRS) allows the noninvasive measurement |
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References .................................................................................... |
70 of the concentrations from selected metabolites in vivo. Till |
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now, MR spectroscopy is applied for speciÞc purposes in |
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brain tumor diagnostics. The metabolic proÞle of a brain |
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tumor not only characterizes tumor entity, but it may also be |
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crucial for prognosis and for therapeutic decisions. In the last |
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decades, it has become evident that molecular genetic mark- |
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ers of a brain tumor may be prognostic or even predictive for |
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a speciÞc therapy (Weller et al. 2009; Reifenberger et al. |
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2012). Therefore, therapy of brain tumors is becoming |
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increasingly complex, and histopathological features should |
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not be the only aspect of establishing therapeutic decisions in |
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the future. These molecular markers inßuence the metabolic |
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proÞle and the micro milieu of the tumor. While MRI is con- |
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sidered as method of choice for diagnostic imaging of brain |
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tumors, the method of MR spectroscopy, which is based on |
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E. Hattingen (*) |
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the same physical principles as MRI and can be performed |
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Neuroradiology, Clinic of Rheinische, |
with the identical setup, provides metabolic information, |
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Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Sigmund-Freud Stra§e 6, |
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thereby offering a tool for studying the metabolic proÞle. In |
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53127 Bonn, Germany |
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e-mail: elke.hattingen@ukb.uni-bonn.de |
vitro MRS studies of tumor specimen and many in vivo |
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U. Pilatus (*) |
studies have already shown that MR spectroscopy is able to |
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Neuroradiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, |
detect these metabolic proÞles or even the oncometabolites |
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Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, |
themselves (Constantin et al. 2012). Therefore, the role of |
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Germany |
MR spectroscopy may fundamentally change in the next |
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e-mail: u.pilatus@em.uni-frankfurt.de |
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E. Hattingen, U. Pilatus (eds.), Brain Tumor Imaging, |
55 |
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Med Radiol Diagn Imaging (2016) |
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DOI 10.1007/174_2016_1031, © Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
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