Exercise 8

Answer the following questions:

1.What constructions does hydraulic engineering include?

2.What are the main uses of river water?

3.What are dams used for?

4.Where are hydraulic power plants built?

5.What are the main purposes of navigation locks?

6.What are the requirements for a port?

Exercise 9

Say whether these statements are true or false.

Correct the false statements.

1. A large reservoir formed by the dam may be used only for recreation.

2. Construction sites for dams must be carefully selected according to geological, seismological conditions.

3. The height of dams has been steadily decreased.

4. The building of large energy systems ensures reliable power supply.

5. A port is a harbor sheltered from frost and rains.

6. Cascades of hydropower stations have been constructed on the Don, Kama and Moskva river.

Exercise 10

Choose the correct answer.

1. The construction of dams and weirs results in the flooding of entire sections of … .

a) oceans b) lakes c) rivers

2. The character and quality of river ecosystems are deeply affected when obstacles such as … are placed across a river.

a) barriers b) dams c) locks

3. The problems associated with reservoir are aggravated during spring … .

a) floods b) blossom c) drying

4. More positive factors would appear if construction of the hydropower … had been completed.

a) shop b) reservoir c) plant

5. … of untreated effluents result in water pollution in the cascade of Volga reservoirs.

a) share b) discharge c) analysis

Exercise 11

Give two Russian equivalents in traditional and terminological meaning for each English word:

a) reservoir 1 голова 8 напор

b) discharge 2 лечение 9 обработка

c) lock 3 разгружать 10 контроль

d) failure 4 регулирование 11 сбрасывать

e) head 5 разрушение 12 провал

f) control 6 водохранилище 13 резервуар

g) treatment 7 замок 14 шлюз

Exercise 12

Put questions to the parts of the sentences in bold type:

1. Old port structures require extension or reconstruction.

2. The force of waves may be considerable and may cause destruction.

3. The harbor basin should be wide enough to enable vessels to readily enter and leave it.

4. Quays and piers are the main port structures for landing.

5. A quay is a continuous structure along the river bank or the sea shore used for bearing.

6. The mechanical energy of falling water is used to drive turbine generators in hydroelectric stations.

Exercise 13

Change Active into Passive:

1. They take regular measurements on site and make installation inspection rounds.

2. They make recommendation to remove dams.

3. He collected over 800 signatures in order to remove dams.

4. They use the petition in order to create a positive image of hydro.

5. A lot of other factors influence salmon numbers.

6. The builders estimate the useful or design life of a dam at 50 years.

7. Design and civil engineers classify more and more dams as unsafe and high hazard.