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Exercise 5. Point out in which of the sentences "much" and "far" are used to emphasize comparison. Translate the sentences.

1. Investigations have led to some definite results but there remains much to be done. 2. The private dwelling is the place where by far the greater part of all leisure time is passed. 3. The needs of the smaller railroad stations, particularly in rural regions, have changed much less drastically than have those of large city terminals. 4. In the late thirteenth century glass still remained far too rare and expensive a material for common use. 5. A large amount of timber piling still remains and is doing excellent work, but by far the most serviceable and by far the most generally used bearing pile to day is the rein forced concrete pile. 6. The use of the various buildings only 5 hr. a day for 200 days each year is giving way to twice as much use, or more. 7. The architect should therefore have full knowledge of these facts before he goes too far in his designing. 8. So far as the author of this chapter knows, there is no port in the United States where such a crane is used.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to such constructions as "adj.+though", "however+adj.", etc.

1. It is a cardinal principle to remember that bending moments do play important role small though they be. 2. Whatever type is adopted – and there are many types of r.-c. piles both precast and cast-in-situ – a complete combination with the reinforcement of the blocks must be effected. 3. However small the change in shape about this axis may be, it gives increased strength about the other axis. 4. One type of records which usually justify their cost of collection, however large, is cost record. 5. Though this is difficult to accomplish in a centralized plan, nevertheless the separation of the operating space from the public areas is of supreme importance. 6. The turf fields of those days afforded opportunity for aircraft to operate in whatever direction the wind dictated. 7. There are, however, numerous public rooms in which natural light is still the pleasentest and the best. 8. This requires more than mere acceptance of the need for the device, important though this is. 9. Though being more expensive, non-ferrous metals are widely used.

Местоимение

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences, pointing out in which of the sentences the constructions similar to "It is . . . that" are used.

1. It is the trade unions which are fighting for labour policy, and the Labour Government should stop trying to compel them to abandon it. 2. It is in the kitchen where all these types of built-in furniture are most widely used. 3. It is prefabrication that speeds up construction work. 4. Such structural elements are of vital importance; it is with these that the architect must project an integration of the whole in order to create a work of architecture. 5. It is usual practice to allow operators a certain specified time over and above the normal hours worked to service the plant they operate 6. It is better to pump from one continuous trench than from a number of isolated excavations.

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences, pointing out the sentences in which "that" and "those" are used to substitute nouns.

1. There are many classes of clays and those most suitable for brick-making are found in many parts of the country. 2. The reinforcement in the bottom is that required to resist the bending moment. 3. The Egyptian pyramids proved that stone is one of the most durable materials. 4. Magnets attract pieces of metal: even in ancient times many people observed that interesting phenomenon. 5. The method of analysis used was the same as that for elastic columns. 6. The materials used in making the tests shall be similar to those to be employed in the work. 7. The dotted line is that obtained by assuming the arch to carry the superstructure as deadload only.

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences and find the nouns that are substituted for by "that-those", "this-these".

1. The water content shall be as nearly as practicable equal to that to be used in the work. 2. In this statically indeterminate structure there will be six unknown components of reaction. These cannot be solved by the laws of statics. 3. For the case in question the stress-strain relation is identical with the one for bending. That for a member subject to shear has quite different character. 4. With a welded repair to cast iron, the more rapid cooling of the surface will cause this to contract more rapidly than the interior. 5. Buckets of various capacities are used, and these are fitted with easily replaced teeth.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the use and the meaning of the pronoun "one".

1. In order that a system of non-concurrent forces be in equilibrium it is necessary that the resultant of all the forces save one shall coincide with the one and be opposite in direction. 2. The idealized elastic foundation may be thought of as one composed of an infinite number of independent springs. 3. If the gas is one like carbon dioxide it can be liquified. 4. This particular case is precisely the one most commonly used. 5. This edge is the one on which the test weld is to be deposited. 6. In designing a block of flats one should take care that everything possible is done to create the most comfortable living conditions. 7. One should be aware that some stainless steels when heated to between 500 and 900°C lower their resistance to corrosion. 8. If a rod of copper and one of steel are placed in the flame, the copper rod gets hotter more quickly than the steel one. 9. One may obtain the live load bottom chord stresses using the following simple method. 10. A simple beam is one which rests on supports at its ends. 11. Matters of major importance should be covered in detail though lesser ones may warrant only brief explanation.

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type.

1. Road surfacing prevents as far as possible any deformation of the subsoil which must naturally be followed by disruption of the road surface. 2. The safety of all the finished visible construction depends upon what is underneath. 3. Thermal conduction is the term applied to the mechanism of heat transfer whereby the molecules of higher kinetic energy transmit part of their energy to adjacent molecules of lower kinetic energy by direct molecular action. 4. In prestressed concrete what matters is not creep but relaxation. 5. It is immaterial in what order the forces are taken in constructing the force triangle. 6. Buildings for the exhibit of animals differ from others in that great attention must be paid to sanitation. 7. When it is veiwed in the light of these remarks it will seem to be far from a true representation of what actually takes place. 8. Of any truly great building we can say that every element in it has a triple implication and that everything which happens in it for structural reasons assists the efficiency of its plan. 9. Where the stresses are small, one member can be notched into another to form the joint details. 10. Sometimes, what is known as fatigue tests are made with the members working under these conditions. 11. Occasionally in late twelfth-century town houses one finds small glazed openings above the window proper, whereas the rest of the window is formed with simple wooden shutters. 12. Other approximations are made to which attention will be called thereafter. 13. Wherever the stair slope exceeds 40 degrees, special attention must be paid to the tread and riser design.