2) Сделайте письменный перевод текста со словарем, обращая внимание на выделенные моменты, проработанные вами по данному пособию.
3) В целях накопления переводческого опыта просмотрите текст снова, анализируя попутно следующее:
a) найдите в тексте слова с интернациональными корнями и сопоставьте их со следующими русскими словами:
гигант, грейдер, микстура, бульдозер, конструкция, тип, скрепер, лифт, экскаватор, миниатюра, популярность, материал, кубический, натура, ярд, кабель, блок, кран, операция, сепаратный, вариация, платформа, универсальный, результат, машина, факт, механический, метод, класс, экономия, агрегат, центральный.
b) найдите в тексте, как могут переводиться на английский язык следующие слова:
машина, оборудование, механизм, строительный, работа.
c) посмотрите, как переводятся в тексте, слова: pole, affair, to mount, to store, term, idle, runway, family, duty, unit, item, single, in hand.
d) как переводятся следующие определительные группы:
a wide-ranging subject
road-making machinery
a single-purpose machine
an all-purpose unit
revolving-drum type
continuous mix type
the universal type excavators
two-yard mixer
half-yard mixer
stock-pile system
the wheel drive motor
a recently put into operation wheel excavator
1. The Architecture of England
The architecture of England has a long and diverse history from beyond Stonehenge to the designs of Norman Foster and the present day. Below are listed some architects and examples of their work typical of the era they were created in. The evolution of English architecture can be traced through these buildings.
Pre-Roman
architecture
The earliest known examples of architecture in England are the many neolithic monuments such as those at Stonehenge and Avebury. Very few examples of pre-Roman architecture remain extant and are limited to defensive earthworks such as Maiden Castle and Cadbury Castle but archaeological evidence suggests that British Iron Age domestic architecture had a tendency to circular forms over the rectangular forms more common in comparable European Iron Age architecture
Roman architecture
The earliest domestic architecture is that bequeathed to the country by the Romans, who occupied Britain from 43 until 406. The Romans built the first cities and towns, which included Chester, St. Albans, London and Bath. Many fine examples of Roman architecture remain: of special note are the ruins of the Roman Baths in Bath, Hadrian's Wall near the Scotland-England border, Fishbourne Roman Palace in West Sussex and the London Wall. Following the Roman's departure architecture seems to have regressed and little remains of the period immediately after the Roman withdrawal.
Anglo-Saxon architecture
Main article: Anglo-Saxon architecture
Following the battle of Mons Badonicus in 500, and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period a few isolated examples of architecture begin to appear; most notably some Saxon churches such as those at Stewkley and Wing both in Buckinghamshire.
Norman architecture
Main article: Norman architecture
Norwich Castle, begun by William the Conqueror. Its round arches are characteristic of the Romanesque style, called Norman in England
Norman architecture, or "English Romanesque", arrived with the Norman invasion of 1066, and was prevalent until the end of the 12th Century when Gothic architecture arrived. The Norman invasion brought with it more consistent forms of design. William I and his law lords built numerous motte-and-bailey castles and garrisons to uphold their authority. Often these were built initially of wood, speed of erection being of greater concern than design or appearance; the best-known of these is the Tower of London. However during the following two centuries of the Norman period many of these were rebuilt with stone keeps and defensive walls. Further even larger castles such as Caernarfon Castle in Wales and Carrickfergus Castle in Ireland were built to suppress the natives. Many castles remain from these medieval times.
City walls were erected in place of the earlier wooden pallisades of the motte-and-bailey castle. In some cities these followed the line of earlier Roman defenses, for example at York, and others such as London wall incorporate Roman brickwork. City walls continued to be maintained throughout the medieval period.
In most towns and villages the parish church is an indication of the age of the settlement, built as it was from stone rather than the traditional wattle and daub. The Normans also built many cathedrals. Many of these were rebuilt in Gothic style over the centuries, although some still preserve Norman features (e.g. Durham Cathedral, Ely Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral, Peterborough Cathedral, St Alban's cathedral).
There are also a very small number of domestic Norman buildings still standing, for example Jew's House, Lincoln; manor houses at Saltford and Boothby Pagnall; and fortified manor houses such as Oakham Castle.