«Ложные друзья переводчика»

Exercise 54. Translate the following sentences. For each English word in bold type find a Russian equi-valent from the given words.

задача, агент, интеллигентный, стенной шкаф, гимнастический зал, перечислять, посещение, заполнитель, дополнительные расходы, оригинальный, первоначальный, выступать, элементарный, близко познакомиться, капитель, рациональный, сбалансировать, принимать меры, требуемый, пострадать, необходимость, фактор, перечень, разумный, соответствующий, реквизит, концерн, проект, кабинет.

1. In tall buildings wind bracing is a prime requisite. 2. The architect must remember that, if he wishes to conceal the pipes by furring, the furring must be included in the contract drawings or heavy extras will be involved and the appearance of the final building may be seriously compromised. 3. Opposite the fireplace another large built-in sofa is combined with book-cases and the radio-phonograph cabinet. 4. Such areas should be large enough to contain a bed, ample closets, a desk and at least one comfortable chair. 5. It is exceedingly difficult in choosing a fine aggregate for concrete work to balance all the considerations. 6. The designer may begin by making a list of the various activities which are likely to take place in the building. 7. Modern construction in steel also has little need for capitals, since the column and beam sections are basically similar. 8. The minimum floor area for a standard gymnasium is determined by the standard dimensions of a basketball field. 9. Provisions must be made for the quickest and most convenient connections between local transportation and the passanger cars. 10. The above outline is qualitative; its intelligent application must be coordinated with the original layout of the heating and cooling system. 11. This is sometimes accomplished by the building in of transverse metal bars which project slightly above the surface. 12. As a rule, the architect has only an elementary knowledge of electrical theory; his chief concern is to see that adequate services are provided. 13. Such services include waiting rooms, train anouncement boards, and information desks; ticket, and baggage agents.

Exercise 55. Translate the sentences. Find English words (not less than 36) with the international roots in the following sentences. Compare them for points of difference with the corresponding Russian words.

1.In balancing the advantages and disadvantages of various air conditioning systems, the architect must always bear in mind the specific purpose of the room. 2. Sometimes marbles of vivid or dark colors and striking figuration are used to call attention to important doorways. 3. This kind of functional study will also reveal the absolute necessity of carefully segregating the circulation areas in a living house. 4. Another reason why International style architects have advocated the use of non-bearing wall construction is because it permits designs in which expression of the volume of the building is dominant rather than the expression of weight and mass. 5. Since most people cannot read with complete concentration for long periods of time, this space should be so designed that when the reader lifts his eyes from the page he may be able to fix on pleasant instead of disturbing views. 6. The factors to be considered in elevator service are the elevator car size, the number of cars, and the elevator speed. In a tall building a typical service elevator is operator-controlled and stops at all floors. 7. Climate also will control door sizes, this is a matter of common sense. 8. In actual buildings this purely theoretical differentiation is perhaps less important than it seems.

Exercise 56. Translate the sentences. Compare the English words in bold type with the corresponding Russian words for points of difference.

1.In the building of masonry bearing walls a first requirement for permanence is the most careful study of the ways by which water may be kept out of walls. 2. Primitive tribes who lived in forested areas found wood and not stone their obvious building material. 3. Columns attribute strength to a building although used in a purely decorative way. 4. On a large job it will be necessary to build sufficient forms for two or three days' pour so that the carpenters can always keep ahead of the concreting gang. 5. Architecture in America is now passing though a transitional period and may easily develop into a new interpretation based on modern use of new structural materials. 6. The determination of elevator car size and speed for a given building has been fairly well standardized by the elevator manufacturers, whose recommendations are freely given and can be relied on. 7. In general it is the peak load that determines the number of elevators. 8. In most theaters and concert halls a large foyer should be so placed as not to block or interfere with any of the regular exits or entrances and should be of sufficient size to hold a considerable portion of the audience. 9. The lobby is excellently placed both to assist entrance and exit and to furnish an area where the audience may meet the lecturer. 10. As with any choice of an architectural motif, the decision to use bearing-wall construction will bring to the architect both limitations and opportunities. 11. There are other reasons for wide foundations besides their resistance against any tendency toward overturning. 12. To mention only a few of these criteria, a good airport site should not be subject to ground fogs or smoke from industrial areas. 13. The distance to either side of the stem over which compression may be assumed to act is arbitrarily selected from the results of tests. 14. It is in this respect that current designs are frequently so inadequate that storage space has to be improvised in areas not designed for it.

Exercise 57. Translate the sentences. State what Russian words help to find the necessary meaning.

1. Although such radical suggestions could hardly materialize overnight they may well point the direction of the future. 2. The sensitive designer will absorb the qualities of the surroundings of his building so completely that somehow or other his final structure will be in harmony with the greater amount of the vegetation around it. 3. Any decoration that is used should be bold and should itself emphasize the concept of strength. 4. In time some schools began to train men for these jobs, but still most city planners continued to be recruited from the fields of architecture.5. In appartment houses the traffic is more spread out; here peak loads are not a major consideration and proportionately fewer elevators will suffice. 6. The most common system used brick, often faced with some other decorative material but in many cases left exposed. 7. This law acts as a stimulant to the realization of the national airport program. 8. Both the window glass in bearing-wall windows and the plane of the doors can be set well back from the wall face in order to accent the thickness of masonry mass. 9. One of the most important attributes of a site is its orientation, that is, its relationship to the points of the compass. 10. At any rate, friction always manifests itself as a force that opposes motion. 11. Passengers are not permitted on elevators which are reserved for freight only. 12. Its flickering light is almost hypnotic in its power, and the fireplace itself is charged with much emotional symbolism – the idea of the family hearth.

Exercise 58. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type.

1. Such cofferdam problems require a thorough analysis of step-by-step precedure. 2. A children's play area of the garden should be only partly sheltered from the rest of the site so that the children will not feel imprisoned and yet will not intrude upon the attention of older people seeking quiet. 3. From the very beginnings of architecture many skills, systems, and theories have been evolved for the construction of the buildings. 4. Certain proportional relationship between width, length, and height are necessary to produce a feeling of space, the exact relationship will vary according to the use of the room. 5. The cross currents may appear when the river passes through the intake structure. 6. Formulas of the Gordon type are used quite extensively in building specifications and codes. 7. The sense of strength which is appropriate to bearing walls will usually, though not always, imply a sense of weight.

Термин

Exercise 59. Translate the sentences and supply the appropriate preffixes" поп-, mis-, un-, in-,im-" for the words in bold type.

1. The bending in centrally loaded columns is caused by ... avoidable... perfections in manufacture and ... uniformity of material. 2. Since all power-driven devices are subject to occasional mechanical failure as well as periods of ... activity, elevators must always be supplement by one of the ... mechanical means of vertical communication. 3. One of the great advantages of modern architecture is that with its... traditional background it offers the architect... limited opportunity for the freedom of expression. 4. Another ... use of the garden concept in the United States is seen in what might be called "the flower factory". 5. In such cases it is essential to stabilize the inner slope and minimize ... watering problems within the area. 6. This type of Institution follows the general scheme of homes for the aged and ... firm. 7. Lighting comes for the most part from low lamps and the ... direct illumination. 8. Any ramp, whether outdoors or in, must have a ... slip face.

Exercise 60. Translate the following sentences analysing the composition of the words in bold type.

1. The third stage was to be built while the river passed through the completed powerhouse intakes. 2. Ample evidence is offered by magnificent dams that industrial structures of the severest practicality can, if designed by a great team of designers, be examples of the most inspiring beauty. 3. By successive sections taken in this manner, all the stresses can be determined by simple force polygons. 4. The twentieth-century industrial era has created a complex world economy which makes the peoples of the earth interdependent. 5. The wind load produces an overturning moment which increases the compression in the columns on the leeward side of a building and decreases the compression in those on the windward side. 6. Water tightness may be developed by dumping an earth fill against the water side. 7. Many later students of the medieval city have been tempted to formulate the ordered irregularities and the unstudied picturesqueness of medieval urban forms. 8. It might be foolish to build a large industrial plant on a steep mountainside, with the only approach of a narrow, winding, rocky road full of breathless slopes and hairpin curves. 9. The size of the plant is of primary importance, and although there would be a natural tendency to underplant a job, where a contractor is required to buy all new equipment, there is a very definite danger of overplanting a job under certain conditions. 10. The successful application of these styles appears to depend largely on the proportions of the buildings in question. 11. Dancing will require a sizable amount of unbroken floor area and such an arrangement of furniture as will permit the use of the floor without too great a disarrangement of the room.

Exercise 61. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the word-combinations in bold type.

1. Experience has shown that the spectators at airports outnumber the passengers by two to one. 2. The components of the concrete mixture move in the plant along a closed circle, commencing with batching of raw materials and terminating with filling the mixture into the ready product hopper. 3. All process operations are mechanized and performed with the aid of hydraulic or electric devices which reduce operating costs. 4. Rooms for certain purposes must be shielded from the sun; wherever the most uniform and unchanging illumination is required, sunless north light is desirable. 5. Watertight concrete pipes of high strength are produced with the aid of high-frequency vibrators and hydraulic pressure. 6. Naturally the window developed later than the door, and there are still houses in Europe which are windowless. 7. The measure of the worth of a terminal is the efficiency that can be achieved in the work process both currently and in any foreseeable future. 8. Complete range of modern construction equipment, including walking draglines, mobile cranes, truck mixers and pumps are displayed by the firm. 9. Each room is a special problem to be satisfactorily solved only in the light of a thorough knowledge of the likes and dislikes of the individuals who are to use it. 10. It is necessary to remove dust and suspended impurities from the outdoor air and from recirculated return air.