Глагол. Неличные формы

Exercise 17. Translate the sentences. Compare the sentences for points of difference in the meaning due to the different verb forms used.

1.

a) The loads provided for in designing a mill building depend to a large extent upon the use to which the finished structure is put.

b) The loads to be provided for in designing a mill building will depend to a large extent upon the use to which the finished structure is to be put.

2.

a) This excavator is the latest and the largest one to be put to use in this country.

b) This excavator is the latest and the largest one put to use in this country.

3. 

a) It is influenced by the work performed, the amount of work carried out, and the time in which the work has been done.

b) It is influenced by the nature of work to be performed, the amount of work to be carried out, and the time in which the work has to be done.

Exercise 18. Translate the sentences. State the syntactical function of the infinitive.

I. 1. Planning to be successful must itself be well organised and well thought out. 2. There may be stairs, escalators or elevators to allow prog ress from level to level and halls or corridors to permit easy circulation from part to part. 3. It would prove uneconomical to employ more than one dumper per loading gang, since the time to load is considerably greater than that of haul. 4. To overcome this difficulty, two systems were devised. 5. The advantage is taken of the weight of the materials supported to increase the stability of the wall. 6. The existence of vegetation on the site may be an important factor in design. In many cases a careful selection of the plants to be preserved during construction may save a considerable sum of money in the development of the site. 7. The most important item to pay attention to is the proper location of the machinery. 8. Before the engineer decides on the type of foundation to use, he must collect as much information as possible concerning the strata of soil. 9. There are many rooms that are used principally during the daytime, and in these it is usually uneconomical to fail to take advantage of the great source of the light of the world – the sun as well as the sky.

II. 1. The manner in which to compute the correct number of vehicles to operate to remove the excavated material to shoot will be explained elsewhere. 2. It is well to point out that the creation and evolution of Gothic architecture resulted in part from the effort to obtain maximum glass areas. 3. Mixing water is required to change a mixture of aggregates and cement into hard artificial stone. 4. The problems brought up in this chapter should have indicated that to judge between good and bad sites is not a simple matter. 5. To find the center of gravity of a triangle draw a line from each of two vertices to the middle of the opposite side. 6. To ensure an air station that will function effectively as the important center of airport activity, the architect should participate in the airport design. 7. The protection of any vegetation which the designer wishes to preserve on the plot is a matter to be definitely incorporated in all construction contracts. 8. The analysis is too long to be produced here.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences and indicate the sentences in which the complex object is used.

1. Assume the base of the column to be furnished with angles on the flanges. 2. Suppose a number of forces in equilibrium and acting at a single point on a given body be resolved into components in two directions at right angles to each other. 3. Outside and in, the modern store must offer an invitation to the passerby to enter and to spend. 4. Rollers not only cause a reaction to act at right angles to the supporting surface but also serve the purpose of allowing structures to expand and contract with changes in temperature. 5. This is quite the wrong view to take. 6. The foreman has to caution his men to be more careful, and he must watch them to see that they are more careful.

Exercise 20. Indicate which of the two English sentences is nearest in meaning to the Russian sentence.

1.Материал, который в пластической стадии приобретает довольно большое удлинение, называется пластичным, если же удлинение очень мало, то говорят, что материал хрупкий.

1. A substance which has a fair elongation during the plastic stage is called ductile, while if the material is brittle the elongation will be very small.

2. A substance which has a fair elongation during the plastic stage is called ductile, while if the elongation is very small it is said to be brittle.

2. Рассчитывают эти нагрузки и обнаруживают, что равнодействующая ветровых нагрузок будет проходить через точку Q и будет равняться 20 700 фунтов.

a)The loads are calculated, and the resultant wind load will be found to pass through point Q, and be equal to 20,700 lb.

b) The loads are calculated, and we find the resultant wind load which passes through point Q and is equal to 20,700 lb.

3.Часто рассчитывают на то, что архитектор должен давать рекомендации относительно типа участка, необходимого для проектируемого здания.

a)An architect is frequently called into consultation on the choice of a site necessary for the projected building.

b)An architect is frequently expected to advise on the kind of lot necessary for the projected building.

Exercise 21. Translate the sentences and indicate the sentences in which the complex subject is used.

1. The whole aim of the chief medieval architects seems to have been a search for ways in which to build safely larger and ever larger windows. 2. A concentrated force is one whose place of application is so small that it may be considered to be a point. 3. The following sequence of events can be seen to have occured. 4. To maintain equilibrium, horizontal shear must be equal to vertical shear. 5. Various attempts have been made to arrive at a sensible simple formula for designing the thickness of such a plate. 6. The foregoing procedure is thought by some to be very difficult. 7. When a number of forces act upon a body and the body does not move, or if moving does not change its state of motion, then the forces considered are said to be in equilibrium. 7. Decentralization of residential areas is expected to continue absorbing new land at a great rate.

Exercise 22. Translate the sentences, pointing out the complex object and the complex subject constructions.

1. If it is assumed to be tension and proves to be compression this will be indicated by a negative value in the result. 2. Tapered piles appear to have a bearing capacity in soft material considerably greater than a straight pile. 3. The point at which a body ceases to be elastic is termed the yield point, the body is then said to have undergone plastic deformation or flow. 4. Such method of making drawings requires every size of the object to be divided by the proportion of the scale. 5. We assume these charts to give more accurate results for such sections which are reinforced in tension or compression. 6. It is usually not required that a first year student should ink-in and colour his drawings when they are done to this scale. 7. Concrete piles are less likely to be injured in driving than wooden piles. 8. For the pressure to be reduced to safe limits the foundations may be widened.

Exercise 23. Translate the sentences, pointing out the for + infinitive construction.

1. Architecture is a difficult art, for it requires a special type of imagination and takes long years of training and experience to produce a capable architect. 2. In its way the camera can be even more deceptive than a drawing for the good architectural photographer can make beautiful photographs of the most ugly structures. 3. On completion of a contract of long duration it is a sound policy for the plant to be sent to the repair depot for thorough examination. 4. The six rivets necessary for the web connection to be able to take up the design shear are arranged as shown. 5. In pushing over or felling trees which are too large for the tractor to move by blade the roots of the trees should be exposed and cut through.

Exercise 24. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the absolute infinitive construction.

1. Each anchor consists of two heavy steel plates, with a number of grooves on their internal faces to receive one wire each. 2. The process of burning bricks in such a kiln is continuous, one chamber to be filled with partially dried bricks and one chamber of burnt bricks to be emptied daily. 3. A solution of cane-sugar undergoes a chemical change at ordinary temperature, the sugar reacting with the water to form two new sugars, fructose and glucose. 4. Sea water is very agressive, special paints to be used for protecting the steel piles against corrosion. 5. The size of such a foundation in plan must be proportioned with respect to the permissible pressure on the subsoil, the weight of the concrete itself to be included.

Exercise 25. Translate the sentences, pointing out the split infinitive.

1. Aeronautical designers have concentrated on the aerodynamic design of aircraft and have given little consideration to its relationship to airstation design. 2. Aircraft were then light in weight and extremely sensitive to cross winds on landing and take-off. 3. Weights of sufficient amount to more than counterbalance this load must be used. 4. The load is transmitted directly to the base plate which must be of sufficient thickness to safely resist the shear. 5. To somewhat simplify the problem, one should suppose that one of the joints is hinged. 6. To accurately divide a given distance into several equal parts dividers are used. 7. The continuous kiln is economical as the hot air from the firing zone is utilized to gradually dry and bake the partially dried bricks preparatory to final burning.

Exercise 26. Translate the sentences, pointing out Participle I. Define its function.

1. The methods explained for attacking the problem depend upon a few simple fundamental laws which are illustrated in the pages immediately following. 2. When there is eccentricity the stresses arising can be determined using other methods. 3. The loss of output due to wet weather and adverse site working conditions resulting from It is considerable. 4. Solid ground when excavated increases in volume, the amount of this bulkage varying, depending upon the nature of the ground. 5. A drawing showing an object, as it appears to an observer looking at it from the right side is called the right side elevation. 6. They must be made to feel that the method being utilized is really in part their own. 7. This time may be taken as being constant, viz. 5 minutes per load but the "travelling time" is variable, depending on the length of haul and the travelling speed of the tractor employed.

Exercise 27. Insert the appropriate form of the Participle from brackets and translate the sentences.

1. ... at the object from the front or from the sides, the observer could not see the inside edges of the object (looking – having looked). 2. ... the number of loads hauled per hour, the total cubic yards of material excavated may be easily calculated (knowing – having known). 3. ...the position of the plant on paper, it was decided that the pipeline should go along the river (establishing-having established). 4.... to the table it will be noted that the number of loads hauled by a wheeled tractor are more than that of a crawler tractor on a similar length of haul (referring – having referred).

Exercise 28. Translate the sentences, pointing out the absolute participial constructions.

1. It should be observed that the stresses in the upper chord act toward the section, thus denoting compression. 2. Beams framing into heavy lower-story columns may to all practical purposes be considered as fixed. 3. The horizontal component of the external wind force being all taken by the fixed end, the reaction at the roller end is then vertical. 4. Consider a span having a uniform load and introduce a support in the center at the same elevation as the original supports. 5. The mixing plant being idle for intermittent periods of time, the unit cost of the concreting may be somewhat increased. 6. A bar is embedded axially in a concrete prism at the time of casting, with the part of the bar projecting. 7. The harmony which the creative architect must seek is one dealing with the essential elements and the entire compositional quality of a design.

Exercise 29. Translate the sentences and point out Participle II used as an attribute.

1. If fitted with different equipment the excavator can be adopted to carry out verious digging operations. 2. It is wise policy to hold in reserve the spares most commonly required. 3. Unless otherwise provided for in the specifications, all equipment and materials are to be of the best grade. 4. The principles involved apply to a number of other special cases in building construction. 5. If approved, one set of such blueprints must be returned to the contractor marked approved. 6. The building frame dealt with in the problem is a statically indeterminate structure. 7. It can be seen that the particular test chosen will depend entirely upon the type of welded joint. 8. The stresses in the members cut away are assumed as replaced by external forces acting in the line of the member and equal to the stresses in amount. 9. The forces applied rise to a maximum tension, decrease to zero, rise to a maximum compression and decrease again to zero.

Exercise 30. Translate the sentences and point out Participle II used as an adverb.

1. The truss considered is of the type shown in the accompanying figure. 2. Mounted on crawler tracks this excavator can be used under very adverse site conditions. 3. If subjected to a sharp blow, pitch is brittle and undergoes the characteristic conchoidal fracture. 4. Information data referred to on this page are most commonly used in computations of the type in question. 5. Built for speed to meet tight contracting schedules, these shovels convert easily to dragline, crane or pile driver. 6. When driven to solid bottom, reinforced-concrete piles act as struts. 7. This is a uniform load and can be considered by itself, according to the method previously stated. 8. Summed up, under these conditions the scraper will be the most efficient earth-moving unit. 9. As previously stated in this chapter, such members must be computed for eccentric compression. 10. Summarized below are some of those problems that have a vital bearing upon future development and progress in this field.

Exercise 31. Translate the sentences and point out Participle II used in complex constructions.

1. The principles involved apply to a number of other special cases in building construction. 2. In laying out a plant, many principles examined in detail in preceding chapters must be considered. 3. Where concrete supports are used, there is always some degree of fixity, but seldom are the ends entirely fixed. 4. If the neutral axis is lower than this line, we use a similar method of attack to that just used. 5. In case of failure to keep incoming soil spread and processed, the entire production of the shovel and all of the trucks is apt to be shut down. 6. For large important constructions have the ground examined by experts over and beyond the whole site and down, to a depth much beyond the lowest foundation. 7. With the building line settled and exact levels established on the site the excavation for the foundations will now be made. 8. In practice it is not possible to make the load act at a point on the beam; it is usually spread over a small piece of the span. 9. The definite instructions given, the students usually waste no time in finding the right way of the solution of the problems. 10. The plant consists of a base frame mounted on crawler tracks, with a revolving platform positioned on top of the frame.

Exercise 32. Point out which of the two Russian sentences is nearest in meaning to the English sentence. Explain the reasons for your choice.

1. The crane is characterized by a high working speed, it can also be operated at "creeping" speeds thus ensuring exact landing of structural elements.

а) Кран характеризуется высокими рабочими скоростями, но он также может работать на очень малых скоростях, обеспечивая тем самым точную установку конструктивных элементов.

б) Кран характеризуется высокими рабочими скоростями, но он также может работать на очень низких скоростях, которые гарантируют точную установку конструктивных элементов.

2. The load at which the bond fails, resulting in the bar coming loose from the concrete, divided by the area of contact between the concrete and steel gives the measure of the grip between the two.

а) Нагрузка, при которой сцепление разрушается, в результате чего стержень выдергивается из бетона, поделенная на площадь соприкосновения бетона и стали, дает меру сцепления между арматурой и бетоном.

б) Нагрузка, при которой сцепление разрушается и стержень выдергивается из бетона, делится на площадь соприкосновения между бетоном и сталью и дает меру сцепления между арматурой и бетоном.

3. The data are based on there being only one man in attendence of the plant.

а) Эти данные обосновываются только одним человеком, который обслуживает установку.

б) Эти данные основаны на том, что установка обслуживается только одним человеком.

4. By keeping a drawing in a neat, clean condition when pencilling, the use of the rubber upon the finished inked drawing will be greatly diminished.

а) Выполняя чертеж в карандаше, надо содержать его в аккуратном состоянии, чтобы не очищать оконченный чертеж ластиком, как это делается при работе тушью.

б) Если содержать чертеж в аккуратном чистом состоянии при работе карандашом, то очистка ластиком выполненного в туши чертежа будет значительно облегчена.

5. Before closing this chapter one final example will be given embodying most of the points of design dealt with in the previous chapters.

а) Прежде чем закончить эту главу, приведем один последний пример, включающий большинство вопросов проектирования, рассматриваемых в предыдущих главах.

б) Прежде чем закончить эту главу, приведем один последний пример обобщения основных принципов проектирования, рассмотренных в предыдущих главах.

Exercise 33. Translate the sentences and point out the gerunds.

1. A beam of uniform section is shown resting in the unloaded state. 2. On a large dam project the topography of the site is one of the controlling factors in determining the construction procedure. 3. The fibres at one side of the beam will be shortened owing to the state of compression existing. 4. The foregoing shows that the moments can be calculated fairly accurately without having to consider the condition represented by the equations in question. 5. A beam of such material would fail under fairly light loads owing to the tensile stresses due to bending. 6. Poor management results in the men's rapidly coming to feel that the company is not a good place to work. 7. Further improvements were made under actual operating conditions and resulted in a very satisfactory type of structure. 8. When a beam is bent, due to the application of a constant bending moment without being subjected to shear, it is said to be in a state of simple bending. 9. Such elements as excavating procedure, concrete handling, dredging, or making sand from rock require careful consideration in the light of past experience. 10. The matter isn't pressing. I can wait for it being discussed at the next meeting. 11. The responsibility for wage increases must be taken out of the supervisor's hands, and provisions must be taken for the men's being taken care of in an impartial way.

Exercise 34. Translate the sentences and state what part of speech the ing-forms in bold type belong to.

1.It is possible, without invalidating the contract, to make changes by altering, adding to or deducting from the work, the contract sum being adjusted accordingly. 2. It was always desirable to design structures which did not require constant painting, cleaning, reparing. 3. The planning of communities is the noblest form of architectural planning, and in giving form to towns or regions the planner is making what is perhaps his most valuable contribution to human living. 4. Cross-country motor trips were a popular diversion, the car became indispensable for shopping, for going to the theatre, for travelling to and from work. 5. If the fill is made in this manner, the fill can be carried up to its completion without slopes being disturbed. 6. This tensile stress should have a counterbalancing resistance in the bottom. 7. The contractor demanded overhauling and repairing the excavators to be made by the maker. 8. Slow-burning mill construction is the name applied to a long-used type of fire-resisting timber building common especially in textile mills. 9. A thorough understanding of continuous moments will familiarize the engineer with maximum moment conditions resulting from the most unfavourable position of live loads. 10. The mixing should never be performed on the bare ground as this results in earth being scraped up and incorporated in the mix. 11. There may be wastes resulting from other employees stopping their work at the time of an accident. 12. The most gratifying trend of all-is the increasing awareness on the part of the oil companies of the importance of the service-station building in the community. 13. A true community is a living organism; it grows and changes. Setting too hard a limitation on change by creating too rigid a pattern is harmful rather than helpful.