Exercise 9

Answer the following questions:

1. What is necessary to remember when choosing the site for a future

city or town?

2. What must the town designer think of?

3. What materials are selected by the town designer?

4. What characteristic functional pattern have most towns?

5. What is the most interesting feature about block of flats?

Exercise 10

Say whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. The air in our flat is not full of dust and it contains a lot of the negative ions.

2. New cities should have transport systems which in principle can not malfunction.

3. The master plan of any city or town must make provisions for rest, recreation and for health facilities for the citizens.

4. There is no need to adopt a special decision on the development of a standard system.

5. Building pedestrian underpasses is a good method of ensuring safety for the pedestrian and easy traffic congestion.

f) The ecological equilibrium “ society-nature” isn’t dependent on the moral status of relationships between the individual and society.

g) Moscow’s potential drinking water supply is by no means unlimited.

Exercise 11

Put questions to the part of sentences in bold type.

1. A road junction is the point at which one road meets another

2. There is a tendency for drivers to keep to the well-lit shopping streets.

3. The extraordinary growth of motor traffic has created traffic difficulties demanding new designs and planning.

4. Grade separation is very effective in improving the dangerous situation at street intersections.

5. A great intensity of traffic makes it necessary to lower the average speed of vehicles.

Exercise 12

Make up a plan for retelling the text. Retell the text.

Unit 5 building materials and engineering components

EXERCISE 1. Read and translate the words, paying attention to the part of speech.

select [si;lekt v; effective [I;fektiv] a; economical [,i:k{;nOmik{l] a; material [m{;ti{ri{l] n; factor [;f@kt{] n, physical [;fizik{l] a; ceramics [si;r@miks] n; mass [ m@s] n; panel [;p@n{l] n; product [;prOd[kt] n; gravel [;gr@v{l] n; silicon [;silik{n] n; soda [;soud{] n; plastics [ ;pl@stiks] n; adapt [{;d@pt] v; conglomerate [k{n;glOm{r{t] n.

EXERCISE 2. Pay attention to the following “ faux amis”. Read and translate them:

cement [si;ment] цемент; связь, союз

concrete [;kOnkri:t] бетон; конкретный

structure структура; здание, сооружение.

EXERCISE 3. Read and remember the following words:

availability [{;veil{;biliti] (при)годность, наличие

timber лесоматериал, бревно, брус

vary (из)меняться, разнообразить

range диапазон, сфера, зона

lime(stone) известняк

gypsum [;dZips{m] гипс

masonry [;meisnri] каменная или кирпичная кладка

plaster штукатурка

modify видоизменять

suit [ sut] годиться, быть пригодным

brick кирпич

alumina cement глинозёмистый цемент

blast-furnace slag доменный шлак

mortar [;mOt{] строительный раствор, известковый раствор

precast reinforced concrete сборный железобетон

slab плита, пластина

beam брус, балка

inevitably неизбежно

incur подвергаться чему-либо

multitude множество, масса

embrace охватывать, содержать

clay глина

mould формовать, лепить

slaked lime гашёная известь

furnace печь

foamed glass вспененное стекло

frothing [;frOTiN] agent пенообразователь

impermeability [im;p{mj{biliti] непроницаемость

coat грунтовка, покрытие, слой

laminate [;l@mineit] пластик, слоистый материал

impregnated [im;pregneitid] насыщенный, пропитанный

rezin [;rezin] смола

simulate моделировать, воспроизводить

tile плитка, черепица

marble мрамор

multi-hued многоцветный

carving резьба по дереву

pozzuolana [_,pOtswou;la:n{] вулканический туф, пуццолан

nail прибивать гвоздями, приколачивать.

EXERCISE 4. Choose the correct definition that best keeps its meaning in the right-hand column:

1. concrete a. a nonmetallic element occurring in a combined state in

rocks and minerals

2. stone b. a hard kind of stone that is used in important buildings

3. silicon c. a mixture of cement, gravel and water that dries as hard as

stone

4. glass d. a block of baked clay used in buildings

5. marble e. a small piece of rock

6. brick f. a hard material you can see through

EXERCISE 5. Read and translate the following combinations of words:

industry liquid foamed

1. silicate { brick 2.molten } mass 3.ordinary } glass product semiliquid shattered

building white

initial fine

4. structural } material 5. fibre }sand

strong optical

inert colored

EXERCISE 6. Read and translate the text. Be ready to discuss it.

BUILDING MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING COMPONENTS

The designer must be able to select and adapt such materials of construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical means. In this choice of materials for any work of construction, the civil engineer must consider many factors. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others.

Timber, steel and concrete all vary, sometimes over considerable ranges in the properties desired by the engineer. Lime, gypsum and cement are the three materials most widely used in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units, such as stone, brick and as constituents of wall plaster. Cement is furthermore the most important elements in all masonry structures, Portland Cement like other materials can to some extent be modified to suit a particular application. The scope for such purpose – made cements has led to the development of an increasing variety such as high alumina cement, blast- furnace slag and pozzuolanas.

The most important building materials may now be considered to be structural steel and concrete. Concrete may be considered an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar. A mixture of sand, screenings or similar inert particles with cement and water which has the capacity of hardening into a rocklike mass is called mortar.

With the rapid growth in the employment of precast- concrete products, and particularly of wall panels, slabs, beams, etc., to serve a multitude of building needs, this industry has inevitably incurred an obligation to maintain and improve the quality of the products. A great number of plants producing precast reinforced- concrete elements are now in operation in our country and abroad.

The industry processing the natural compounds of silicon is called the silicate industry. It embraces the production of cement, glass and ceramics. Clay mixed with water and sand is moulded into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The materials used to make silicate bricks are white sand and slaked lime.

Glass Production. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda Na₂CO₃, limestone Ca CO₃, and sand SiO₂. A mixture of these substances is heated in a bath- shaped furnace.

When it cools, the liquid mass of glass does not become hard at once. Definite portions of the cooling semi liquid mass are taken from the bath. By machine methods glass sheets, tubes, etc., can be drawn continuously from the molten mass.

Foamed glass is a high- porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine- ground glass and a frothing agent. Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels and in industrial construction. Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapor and gas impermeability. It is non- inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.

Nowadays plastics can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work.

Glass fiber reinforced plastic panels are produced in the USA. The sheets or slabs designed to simulate to exactness hand- placed textural tiles, inlaid carvings, natural wood with the deep graining effects, brick, marble, stone, etc. This material has good weather resistance. It is recommended to be installed in the windows on the ground floor. The dangers of shattered glass and flying objects are eliminated. Its color range is unlimited with a “standard” selection of 50 solid colors and 15 multi- hued combinations.

Notes to the text:

to some extent до некоторой степени

prestressed concrete предварительно напряжённый бетон

reinforced concrete армированный бетон

structural steel конструкционная сталь

EXERCISE 7. Answer the following questions:

1. Why must the designer be able to select the materials of constructions?

2. What are the most widely used materials in building construction?

3. What can you say about concrete?

4. What does the silicate industry embrace?

5. What is the initial material for the production of glass?

6. Where can plastics be applied?

7. What building materials are widely used in your region?

EXERCISE 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasons:

1. Structural steel and concrete are the most important building materials.

2. The industry processing the artificial components of silicon is called the silicate industry.

3. The initial material for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda, lime-stone and water.

4. Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material.

5. Foamed glass has a low mechanical strength.

6. Plastics is applied to almost every branch of industry.

EXERCISE 9. Choose the correct answer:

1. Besides … and carbon, steel contains small quantities of manganese, phosphorus sulphur and silicon.

a) nickel b) iron c) oil

2. The production of ceramic goods is based on property of clay mixed with … to form a putty.

a) water b) oil c) milk

3. Cement is made from limestone and … and from their natural mixture, marls.

a) concrete b) glass c) clay.

4. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are mainly soda, limestone and … .

a) sand b) iron c) water.

EXERCISE 10. Match English phrases in the left-hand column to the Russian phrases in the right-hand column:

1. brittle a) заполнитель

2. resin b) известь

3. reinforced concrete c) каменная (кирпичная) кладка

4. rigid d) раствор

5. mortar e) жёсткий

6. lime f) хрупкий

7. masonry g) смола

8. aggregate h) железобетон

EXERCISE 11. Make up questions for the following statements:

1. Reinforced concrete is a building material in which the joint functions of concrete and steel are advantageously utilized. (What … ?)

2. In many cases bricks are very satisfactory for use in the construction. (Where … ?)

3. In respect of physical and mechanical properties these materials are divided into rigid, semi-rigid and soft. (What respect … ?)

4. There are some kinds of materials which are brittle and cannot withstand tensile stress. (What materials … ?)

EXERCISE 12. Make up a plan for retelling the text. Retell the text.

UNIT 6