Глагол. Личные формы

Exercise 12. Рoint out in which of the sentences the word in bold type is a verb; find the indications to the fact. Translate the sentences.

1. Even in the so-called framed house these walls are so designed that they act largely as a unit and furnish support as well as shelter. Recent history has seen a great increase in the specialization of human activities and in the development of many carefully differentiated types of building to shelter these activities. 2. This type of activity suggests that an ample well-lighted desk and book-cases will play an important part and also that a certain atmosphere of privacy, favourable to study, is essential. 3. Besides designing a room that will house its activities with the greatest efficiency and grace the designer must make a plan that is flexible. Large motion-picture houses frequently have spacious foyers. 4. The striking simplicity of the basic forms naturally results from a recognition of the purposes for which the building was designed. It is in fact, the result of no more than a prejudice. Two results of the fact that, these walls carry no weight should immediately be obvious: the freedom in the choice of materials and a consequent freedom in their design. 5. Glass has become a favourite material for the walls of certain types of industrial plants, such as printing establishments, where floods of light are necessary. 6. The wind rose gives a graphic picture of the wind conditions for a specific month or for the year as a whole. When speaking of "living room" instinctively we picture a relatively large enclosed room with pleasant windows and a fireplace. 7. Even the latest of contemporary skeleton structures has great weight and to a considerable degree rests in its place because of gravity. In actuality, also, a building is seen by the observer as something clearly set off and separate from the rest of outer space. Psychologists and physiologists have called attention to the eye rest and the mind rest which accompany the occasional change of eye focus from objects near at hand to objects at relatively great distances. 8. The fifth class of use elements consists of those portions of a building which are necessary for passage from place to place within it. The architects use drawings to achieve their objective, but in the strict meaning of the term a work of architecture exists only when it stands complete, a concrete object for all to see or to use. 9. Much of the particular quality of sun-drenched pleasantness that characterizes many Swedish school buildings comes from the ample windows which light their assembly rooms and gymnasiums as well as their class-rooms. The second more or less intangible requirement in public rooms is light, whether natural or artificial. 10. The specific treatment of bearing walls, in order to make the most of the opportunities they offer for the creation of beauty in expressive form, will depend largely an their materials and the way these are put together. The answer lies in the fact that stucco forms a pure and unbroken surface. 11. The living room is a place where the family meets on an intimate basis and where its social relations to the outside world frequently center. A largez-shaped built-in divan in one corner not only cuts off the vestibule and working area but also furnishes an admirable center for a small group. 12. Handling costs should certainly figure in the works accounting. Handling costs by far lower when modern devices are applied. 13. The architect must know enough about the entire make-up of human beings to appreciate the psychological processes which will accompany those activities. Only when the architect comprehends his life through imaginative participation in the various activities that make it up can a dwelling space be adequately designed. 14. In general, crowds visiting the airport on holidays or special occasions should not be permitted to penetrate the air-station roadway system. The overdevelopment of a site – the attempt to crowd upon it more buildings than the site can properly accommodate – is often financially as well as socially disastrous.

Exercise 13. Indicate which of the two English sentences is nearest in meaning to the Russian sentence.

1. В настоящее время при получении данных обычно полагаются на испытания.

1.  At present, tests are usually relied on to supply the data.

1.  At present, tests are usually carried out to make the data reliable.

2. В повседневной работе инженеру постоянно приходится применять свои специальные знания.

1. The engineer is constantly required to apply his specialized knowledge in his daily work.

2. Specialized knowledge is required to fulfill the duties of an engineer in his daily work.

3. Откладывают нагрузки, определяют реакции и вычисляют напряжения, начиная с внешнего левого угла.

1. Estimated loads, reactions and streesses are found at the outer left joint at the begining.

2. The loads are laid off, the reactions found, and the stresses calculated beginning at the outer left joint.

4. Постоянно осуществляется разработка новых, приспособлений для различных целей.

1. Work is constantly being carried out to construct new devices for different purposes.

2. Development of new devices for other applications has recently been carried out.

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences. Point out in which of the sentences "to have" and "to be" are used as modal verbs.

1. The time is nearing when international agreements will be drafted to govern the design and operation of nuclear vessels. 2. The drawings show how the materials are to be incorporated into the structure, the specifications state the quality and the methods which are to be employed. 3. Care should be used to obtain an ample amount of light in buildings in which men are to work. 4. If practical answers are to be found and the factor of safety is to be put on a firm calculable basis a large number of complicated problems will have to be solved. 5. The documents are to be considered as one, and whatever is called for by any one of the documents shall be as binding as if called for by all. 6. Draglines are operated where excavation has to be carried out at some distance from the machine. 7. Many basic principles are still to be established.

Exercise 15. Choose the appropriate form of the infinitive from those in brackets. Point out the sentences in which both forms are possible. Translate the sentences.

1. The structure ought... (to be founded – to have been founded) on r.-c. piles, for the soil proved to be too weak. 2. The contractor will compare all drawings and verify the figures before beginning the work and will be responsible for any errors which might ... (to be avoided – to have been avoided) thereby. 3. An experimental fact which must ... (to be observed – to have been observed) at a very early data is that different reactions may proceed at widely-varying rates. 4. The method of designing was quite sound, but the calculations must... (to be based – to have been based) on wrong assumptions. 5. The same degree of accuracy could not... (to be obtained – to have been obtained) so easily had the frame been more complex.

Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the verbs in bold type.

1. It is recommended that from the outset no unnecessary aid should be employed. 2. The drawback to this method is that an endurance test would take about 56 hours. 3. The best instruments are easily rendered unfit for use unless they be properly handled. 4. For the successful transference of force between concrete and embedded steel, it is necessary that there be a firm grip or bond between the two. 5. It is essential that the engineer have an appreciative understanding of some of the basic principles of business law. 6. Should the applied load be large enough, the resistance of the molecules will be overcome and they will move and take up new positions.