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Exercise 38. Translate these sentences and point out the "ing-forms" used as the subject.

1. Making up panels and errection will require about 1 labourer to 2 carpenters. 2. Lowering is cheaper and faster than hoisting when placing concrete in a dam. 3. Offering a rough surface for the adhesion of cement, slag produces a very strong concrete when of proper quality. 4. Seasoning of either cement or cement clinker, although known to be desirable, lowers the specific gravity materially. 5. Unloading, or reducing the load, changes the position of the point in question. 6. Transporting equipment and conditions under which It operates represent a large number of varied conditions. 7. Knowing the load on the posts, their size is calculated by the formula for posts. 8. Neglecting this effect would not have been serious if the beam had been rectangular. 9. Taking into consideration the saving in labour, steel forms compare very favourably in cost with wood forms. 10. Concrete detailing, as a branch of structural drafting, is young, and pitifully weak as compared with steel detailing.

Exercise 39. Translate these sentences and point out the infinitive used as the subject.

1. To counteract these effects, the beam should be held rigidly in line by some form of lateral support. 2. Whether to use these patented articles or not mainly depends on the volume of concrete work the contractor is doing. 3. To organize means planning the work of the department and of the men in an orderly manner with due regard for the responsible relationship of one person to another. 4. To determine the direct stress in the member, the following procedure should be used. 5. It is seldom feasible to build an absolutely level runway, although that would be ideal for operations. 6. To build up an effective industrial organization requires proper observance and application of "fundamentals of organization".

Exercise 40. Translate these sentences and state the subject word-groups in the following sentences.

1. That organic matter does act in this manner is shown by the fact that a filter is more effective after it has been in operation for some time. 2. That the moment produces tension in the outside face of the members is evident. 3. The time saving that is of the principal advantages of air travel is lost when the air terminal is located far from the center of business. 4. Which particular combination of product characteristics is important depends upon the particular process being considered and the product being manufactured. 5. What does matter is how uniform is the settlement of the building. 6. The water reaches which permit vessels to approach the land, thus providing harbors for them, are determined by nature. 7. Careful attention to uniformity aids in securing concrete which will be economical and as designed. 8. Whether or not the system will work is clear from the following diagram. 9. Steel beams supporting concrete slabs are well shown by a very heavy dash line.

Exercise 41. Translate these sentences and state the predicate in the following sentences.

1. Proper selection of materials for covering the walls and free-standing columns presents the best opportunity for establishing the architectural character of the room. 2. Wooden piles have, up to this date, been used much more than any other kinds of piles. 3. The stresses in these members can be determined by the single condition that the force polygon, drawn from the forces on one portion of the structure, must close. 4. Any public room used by large numbers of people for appreciably long periods of time demands ample coat-room facilities. 5. The many structures erected, judging from all available information, have given a like dergee of satisfaction. 6. Where concrete is porous, rusting proceeds and rusting results further in expansive pressure.

Exercise 42. Translate these sentences and state the function of the verb "to do".

1. Soft patches of ground do occur in what would otherwise appear to be quite firm even ground. 2. What does matter is how uniform is the settlement of the building. 3. To bring life into creation is a principle which underlies all artistic progress, and it applies as truly to architecture as it does to painting or music. 4. The tendency to buckle under a compression load does exist for all the members of the type. 5. Great care should be exercized in selecting experienced operator, for not only do they achieve large output but they also contribute to the life of the plant they handle. 6. The chapters in this section cannot be final; but they do indicate many of the technical problems and point toward their solution. 7. The private dwelling is the place where the greater part of all leisure time is passed, and its character and adequacy can do much to make or spoil the life within it. 8. No ideal plan can do justice to the potential nature of modern man if it does not further the rhythmic interaction of the urban and the rural patterns of life. 9. The improvements that have been made have had to do largely with details – with such matters as piping arrangements and materials, fittings, fixtures, etc. 10. It is relatively easy to design a heating or cooling system that will maintain desired indoor conditions if all the factors remain constant, which they seldom do.