It is worth pointing out that EEA and the response under EME are two completely different concepts. The former requires that the electronic information system must adapt to the EME, and the latter only needs the performance of the electronic information system under the EME.

EEA test is composed of two types: the assessment test and the performance evaluation test. Assessment test needs to be quantifiable, repeatable, and physical; i.e., the generated excitation environment, the EME acting on the equipment under test (EUT), and the electromagnetic energy induced by the EUT should be quantifiable; the test conditions, test data, and test results should be repeatable. The assessment items and indicators should physically reflect the characteristics of the EUT. Usually, the equipment used in the assessment test is general-purpose or special-purpose instrument that has been calibrated. The site used is usually a dedicated test site that can be calibrated. The state of the EUT is mostly static or detachable dynamic. The performance evaluation test, on the other hand, emphasizes that the test site and the excitation source should simulate the actual state of use as much as possible on the basis of assessment test. The performance evaluation test should be a comprehensive dynamic test with conditions close to the actual use.

4.1.7 Spectrum Management

Spectrum management (SM) [13] is the planning, coordinating, and managing the joint use of the electromagnetic spectrum through operational, engineering, and administrative procedures, with the objective of enabling electronic systems to perform their functions in the intended EME without causing or suffering unacceptable EMI. The main content of SM is spectrum allocation and spectrum certification.

Electromagnetic spectrum management is a method of achieving electromagnetic compatibility between systems through management when the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic information systems has been decided. Therefore, if the electromagnetic compatibility of each electronic information system is good enough, there can be more spectrum allocation solutions for spectrum management in actual use; otherwise, the difficulty of spectrum coordination will be increased.

4.1.8 Spectrum Certification

Spectrum certification (SC) [13]: Regular checks of the conformity between the spectrum in use and the spectrum allowed in the development and usage of the electrical and electronic systems are necessary. In the development and use of electrical and electronic systems, deviations may occur between the spectrum in use and the spectrum allowed due to design, manufacturing, structure, degraded performance of electronic devices, and structural changes during maintenance and repair. Such deviations often result in excessive occupancy of the limited spectrum resources which

will further cause mutual interference problems. Therefore, the purpose of SC is to regularly test and confirm the legitimacy of spectrum usage in electronic information systems.

However, SC often faces many technical problems. For example, to achieve SC for large-scale RF towers, stereoscopic detection methods must be exploited.

4.1.9 Spectrum Supportability

Spectrum supportability (SS) [14] refers to the grade to which the spectrum and bandwidth of the military system can be effectively used. SS must ensure that the military system has the ability to work together with other systems in the same EME and achieve full performance. The evaluation of the SS of the system or equipment is based on two points: (1) equipment spectrum certification (ESC), which guarantees the effectiveness of frequency of use; (2) spectrum certification of sovereign nations and related information of electromagnetic compatibility.

The relationship among spectrum supportability, electromagnetic environment adaptability, spectrum certification, electromagnetic compatibility, and electromagnetic interference is shown in Fig. 4.6:

(1)Equipment must pass the spectrum certification. The equipment spectrum certification is closely related to its electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference. Only when the equipment has good electromagnetic compatibility and free of electromagnetic interference, can the equipment pass spectrum certification.

(2)The system must satisfy the requirement of electromagnetic environment adaptability and spectrum supportability. These qualities can be determined through test and evaluation (T&E). Specially, leftover engineering issues can be detected and solved through the pre-compliance test/evaluation and dynamic test/evaluation.

(3)When multiple systems are used together or in coordination, problems in electromagnetic environment adaptability and spectrum conflicts of ordnance may

Fig. 4.6 Relationship between EEA and SS