1. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What springs to mind when you hear the word ‘culture’?

2. Do you think different cultures have different emotions?

3. Are you good at reading people’s facial expressions?

4. Do you think people’s facial expressions are the same all over the world?

5. Are you good at hiding your true feelings?

6. Do you think it would be interesting to research facial expressions?

7. What do you think is the most expressive part of someone’s face?

8. Why do you think a particular culture would focus more on the eyes or mouth?

2. Прочитайте описания, как изменяются лица людей, испытывающих различные эмоции (а), и сопоставьте эти эмоции с репликами, которые могут быть прознесены из пункта (в).

“The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn't being said.”

~ Peter F. Drucker

A

• Happiness - A smile, quite an obvious one, however, if there is no wrinkling, increase in puffiness or general muscle movement around the eyes, the person is faking the smile.

• Sadness - Eyebrows up, lips down-turned. Eyebrows up can also mean the person is feeling guilty.

• Contempt - One corner of the mouth rises, like a sort of 'half-smile'. In extreme contempt, the person's mouth shifts over in an odd way.

• Disgust - The top lip is raised, showing the teeth in extreme cases, like a scorn.

• Surprise - Gaping mouth with eyebrows raised. If this expression lasts longer than a second, the person is faking it.

• Fear - Eyebrows raised and lower part of the mouth lowered in extreme cases. Swallowing also indicates fear.

• Anger - Lips tightened, flaring nostrils, eyebrows pulled down and together are all signs of anger.

B

He says:

1. “I’m happy”.

2. “I’m so sorry”.

3. “I’ m so angry”.

4. “Why so? It’s very strange”.

5. “Wow!!!”

6. “ Police! Help me!”

7. “I’m so hungry”.

8. “Excuse me, please. Can you show me the way to…”

9. “I’m so sorry, forgive me, please”.

10. “Mmmmm. What is it?”

11. “You?!... Here again!”

12. "Aha!"

3. Опишите эмоциональное состояние человека по выражению его лица. Какую из реплик пункта (в) он мог бы произнести в данном состоянии?

Can you guess his facial expression?

He can be afraid, happy, sad, angry, interested, ashamed, disgusted, surprised, unsatisfied, shocked, distrustful, excited, playful, sick, insecure, cheerful, panic, silly, confused.

4. Прочитайте текст.

TEXT

NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR

Among the most markedly varying dimensions of intercultural communication is non-verbal behaviour. Knowledge of a culture conveyed through what a person says represents only a portion of what that person has communicated. Much of non-verbal communication may be broken down into six areas: dress; kinesics*, or body-language; eye contact; haptics**, or touching behaviour; the use of body space; and paralanguage including emotion and speaking style as well as rhythm, intonation and stress. Any one of these areas communicates significant information nonverbally in any given culture.

One of the most apparent differences is the interpretation of dress. The message given by polished shoes, for instance, could easily be lost in a culture in which sandals are the standard footwear. Similarly, a woman's decision to wear her best suit would be lost in a culture in which no women wear business suits.

Just as importantly, people often bring to a crosscultural meeting ethnocentric prejudices regarding what they believe to be properly dressed. Thus, a European or an American may condemn as somehow less than civilized a Saudi or an Iranian in traditional garb. Conversely, a Saudi or an Iranian may well consider as immoral the bare face, arms, and legs of a European or an American woman in business attire.

Non-verbal behavioural differences in kinesics may be less obvious than dress differences. How people walk, gesture, bow, stand, or sit are all, to a large part, culturally determined. In many cases, a kinesic sign well understood in one culture is totally unknown in another culture. In Indonesia and in much of the Arab world, for example, it is offensive to show the soles of one's feet to another. This often clashes with behaviour in the United States where foot-crossing is common with no attention to where one's sole points. In Japan, a relatively elaborate system of bowing is common but has no counterpart in the United States.

Some kinesic behaviour may carry distinctly different meanings in more than one culture. In such cases, all parties recognize the gesture, but interpret it differently. During George Bush's visit to Australia while he was the President of the USA, he held up two fingers in a V sign. In both countries the symbol is widely understood, but in the United States the "V" emblem is a sign of good will, victory, and solidarity , while in Australia it carries a lewd, sexual meaning.

Haptics or touching behaviour also reflects cultural values. In a generally nonhaptic society such as Japan, touching another person in a business setting even with a handshake is traditionally considered foreign. While those Japanese familiar with U.S. handshaking may adapt to its use, one can expect that such cultural compromise would not easily extend to so haptic a response as a pat on the back.

The use of eye contact also varies significantly depending on the culture involved. In several cultures, for example, it is considered disrespectful to prolong eye contact with those who are older or of higher status. In many cultures, it is considered improper for women to look men in the eye. By contrast, in the United States, studies have shown that eye contact has less to do with age or rank than with a person's credibility or sense of belonging.

Finally, how far apart people stand when speaking or how far apart they sit in meetings carries significant information to people who share the same culture. Personal space is culturally determined. In the United States, for instance, people tend to feel most comfortable in business settings when speaking at approximately arm's length apart from each other.

In many Latin American, southern European, central African and Middle Eastern cultures, however, a comfortable conversational distance would be much closer. Indeed, in many parts of the world, friendly or serious conversations are conducted close enough to feel the breath of the speaker on one's face. The U.S. or northern European communicator unaware of this may face a very discomforting situation, with the speaker literally backing his or her U.S. or northern European counterpart into a comer as the speaker continues to move closer to the retreating listener. The result in a business situation could be disastrous. The speaker with the closer personal space conception would likely feel distrustful. Conversely, the person with larger personal space conception might feel the encroaching speaker to be pushy, overly aggressive, or rude.

Notes:

* kinesics - кинесика (мимика, взгляд, жесты, поза)

** haptics - такесика (прикосновения)