3. Прочитайте текст.

Like members of the legislative and executive branches, federal judges in the USA are expected to have high standards of ethics. All federal judges follow the principles outlined in the Code of Conduct for United States Judges, which has been adopted by the Judicial Conference of the United States, the federal courts' national policy-making group. The Code of Conduct includes these guidelines:

• A judge should uphold the integrity and independence of the judiciary.

• A judge should avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all activities.

• A judge should perform the duties of the office impartially and diligently.

• A judge may engage in extrajudicial activities to improve the law, the legal system, and the administration of justice.

• A judge should regulate extrajudicial activities to minimize the risk of conflict with judicial duties.

• A judge should regularly file reports of compensation received for law-related and extrajudicial activities.

• A judge should refrain from political activity.

According to these ethical standards, judges should not hear cases in which they have a financial interest, a personal bias regarding a party to the case, or earlier involvement in the case as a lawyer. Further, judges are expected to participate in activities that contribute to the public good through improvement of the legal and judicial systems, and as a result, many judges are engaged in law-related education activities in schools.

4. Согласитесь или опровергните утверждения.

1. According to the Code of Conduct for Judges a judge should do the job fairly and unbiasedly.

1. true

2. false

3. there is no information in the text.

2. According to the ethical standards, judges should refuse to hear cases in which they have a financial interest, a personal bias regarding a party to the case.

1. true

2. false

3. there is no information in the text.

5. Определите предложение, выражающее основную идею текста.

1. A judge should be an absolutely honest person.

2. According to the Code of Conduct a judge should satisfy certain ethical standards.

3. A judge should perform the duties of the office impartially.

_GLOSSARY

_{1 ambiguity - двусмысленность, неопределенность}

_{2. commitment to – (философия) приверженность, связь, обязательство}

_{~ to principles – приверженность принципам}

_{~ ideals - ~ идеалам}

_{ideological ~ - идейность}

_{3. ethics – этика, учение о морали}

_{Code of ~ моральный кодекс}

_{4. hypothesis – гипотеза}

_{~ and verification – гипотеза и проверка}

_{~ justification – подтверждение гипотезы}

_{hypotheses management – манипулирование несколькими гипотезами}

_{~ test – критерий для проверки гипотезы}

_{~ validity – справедливость гипотезы}

_{rival hypotheses - конкурирующие гипотезы}

_{5. investigation – расследование, следствие, обследование, исследование, изыскание}

_{Federal Bureau of ~ - Федеральное Бюро Расследований (ФБР)}

_{field ~ - расследование на месте преступления}

_{~ expert – эксперт, назначенный следствием}

_{~ files – следственный архив}

_{judicial ~ - судебное расследование}

_{6. moral – моральный, нравственный}

_{morality – нравственность}

_{morals - нравы, нравственность}

_{~ certainty – внутренние убеждение}

_{7. reason – причина, мотив, соображение, благоразумие}

_{by ~ of - в силу чего-либо}

_{good ~ - достаточное основание}

_{important ~ - уважительная причина}

_{reasons beyond control – независящие обстоятельства}

_{rule of ~ - требование применить здравый смысл}

_{8. science - наука}

_{~ and technology – наука и техника}

_{forensic ~ - судебная наука}

_{legal ~ - правоведение, наука права}

_{~ of law – юридическая наука}

_{9. temptation – соблазн, искушение}

_{to carry away by ~ - поддаться искушению}

_{to fight against ~ - бороться с искушением}

_{to repel ~ - победить искушение}

_{to resist ~ - устоять перед искушением}

MODULE 11

FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION

The discipline is known by many names including forensic document examination, questioned document examination, handwriting examination, or sometimes handwriting analysis, although the latter term is not often used as it may be confused with graphology.