III. Post-reading activities

1. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following word combinations and comment them in the context of the text.

Практичні навички, від покоління до покоління, передавались, Київська Русь, відповідні гігієнічні зручності, рівень медичної допомоги, збагачені відповідною інформацією, на основі народної медицини, епідемії чуми, епідемії віспи, реформи введені Петром І.

2. Answer the following questions.

1. By which way was empiric medical knowledge enriched in ancient times?

2. With the foundation of Kyiv Rus the level of medical care was raised con­siderably, wasn't it?

3. In what cities was teaching of natural science and medicine introduced first in Ukraine?

4. What does prophylactic aid include?

5. What is the general network of medical institutions and medical services in Ukraine?

3. Ask your friend:

• to describe the territory were first Ukrainians lived;

• what the name of the first Ukrainian state was;

• who treated people at that time;

• to name first medical schools and universities;

• on what principle an out-patient treatment is organized;

• what diagnostic facilities he (she) knows.

4. Here are some words which will be useful for you while speaking about the development of medical service in Ukraine. Add them to the diagram.

high level handicraftsmen antique widespread epidemics plague smallpox typhoid reforms changes provision education

5. Write your commentary on:

• out-patient polyclinic aid;

• disease prevention;

• general network of medical institutions;

• first aid (urgent aid);

• facilities at hospitals.

IV. Supplement

Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Be ready to discuss the text. While reading make a plan of the text.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMA CYAND MEDICINE IN UKRAINE

The practice of medicine production in early Rus was based on national tra­ditions and the knowledge taken from ancient texts. First of all there were Greek texts brought to Rus from Byzantium, which was the centre of trade and crafts in the 9^th—11^th centuries. One of the main trade routes ran through Kyiv, Pskov, and Veliky Novgorod and was comparable to the route through China and India to Europe. The spread of knowledge was enforced due to orthodox monks from the Holy Mt. Athos (Greece).

In the 10^th—13 ^th centuries medicopharmaceutical traditions were well founded in Rus but culture and statehood were the main elements of East European civiliza-

tion development. During those times the main manuscript libraries were collected. Along with the major cities of Europe such libraries were collected in Kyiv, and Veliky Novgorod.

The development of medical and pharmaceutical knowledge started after the establishment of good relations with Western Europe. In the 16^th century first pro­fessional pharmacists arrived to Moscow. Thus, pharmacies like western Officina Sanitatis appeared in Russia in the 16^th century. The first pharmacy was organized according to western regulations. Still, the biggest influence on Moscow pharma­cies was exerted by the Statute of Friedrich II von Hohenstaufen, which was ac­cepted in England for the regulation of pharmaceutical activity.

So, a Russian pharmacy of those days was selling many products, mainly im­ported from England. According to foreign sources, Russian pharmacies were very well equipped. Pharmaceutical trade formation required proper management of the new kind of activity, and the development of state medicine in Russia took its be­ginning at the end of the 16^th century.

The first institution that held responsibility for medical affairs was Apothe­cary's Order that was opened in Moscow in 1581. During 120 years of the Apothe­cary's Order activity it was leaded by major noble families — earl Vyazemsky, future king Boris Godunov, representatives of Cherkassky, Sheremetyevsky, Milo-slavsky and Odoevsky families.