2. Find in the text the English translations of the following words/word combinations.

Підмайстер, організація, припустимий метод, лікарський засіб (ліки), майстер, виробництво, рецепти, хвороба, розквіт, виготовляти ліки, у відповідності до, провізор, хірург, створення аптек.

3. Ask several questions covering the text.

3. Think of several sentences with the following word combinations.

In that case, just in case, that way, any other way.

35. Development of Pharmacy and Medicine in Ukraine.

Розвиток фармації і медицини в Україні.

I. Vocabulary

1. Learn the topical vocabulary.

to acquire practical habits — to gain usual or normal practice by skill;

empiric knowledge — knowledge relied on observation and experiment, not on theory;

to introduce reforms — to bring them into use;

to master midwifery — to be trained how to help women in childbirth;

out-patient treatment — treatment when person visits a hospital but not lives there;

to set dislocations — to put a bone which is out of position back to its place.

2. Study the table.

Verb	Noun	Adjective	Adverb
practise	practice	practical	practically
found	foundation	-	-
master	master-mind	masterful	masterfully

3. Explain the meaning of these words.

• dislocation

• midwifery

• occupational illnesses

4. Add appropriate nouns to the adjectives above.

• aid,

• treatment,

• disease,

• medicine.

3. Give synonyms to:

• out-patient

• occupational

• in-patient

• preventive

II. Reading

Read the text carefully:

1. underline any words that you do not know or are unsure of;

2. use a dictionary; find or check the meaning of the words you've underlined;

3. compare what you find with your partner.

DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL SER VICE IN UKRAINE

The people who from ancient times lived on the southern steppes between the Dnipro and Danube in the process of labour gradually acquired practical habits of medical aid. Empiric medical knowledge which was enriched by the experience of other peoples was passed on from generation to generation. At the same time expedient hygienic facilities (bath houses, etc) came into being.

With the foundation of Kyiv Rus the level of medical care was raised consi­derably. In those times medical knowledge developed on the basis of original folk medicine enriched by some information derived from antique and Arabian medi­cine and also by the experience of the Southern and Western Slavs in the field of medicinal treatment. With the growth of towns, groups of persons arose out of the handicraftsmen, who had mastered certain practical experience in medical aid, e.g., in setting dislocations, midwifery, etc.

Superstition was considerably widespread in the medical practice of that time. During the age of feudalism epidemics of plague, smallpox and typhoid fever prac­tically never ceased on the territory where Ukrainian people lived, in most coun­tries of the world. But it was only the 17^th century that government measures were undertaken against epidemics.

In the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries the organization of medical services underwent certain changes due to the reforms introduced by Peter I, which de­voted special attention to provision of medicinal services and to medical education. Teaching of natural science and medicine was introduced at the Kyiv Academy, and also at collegiates in Chernihiv, Kharkiv, and Pereyaslav in the 18^th century.

On Ukrainian territory physicians were trained at the Yelizavetgrad surgical school (1787—1797). In the 18^th and early 19^th centuries a large number of the country's medical scientist received their general education in the Kyiv Academy and the collegiates of other Ukrainian cities, and their professional training in the hospital school of St. Petersburg and Moscow, at the medical departments of Mos­cow University (founded in 1764), or at the St. P.& M. medico-surgical academies (founded in 1798).

In 1932 there were 1,333 hospital institutions with 73,800 beds and 18,715 doctors in Ukraine.

Therapeutic and prophylactic aid in Ukraine includes out-patient polyclinic and hospital aid. Most of the patients (about 80 %) begin their treatment at poly­clinics. An extensive network of out-patient departments and polyclinics has been organized in the towns and villages of Ukraine, with well-equipped special de­partments and labouratories. The out-patient treatment is organized on the district-territory principle. Along with medical treatment a great deal of work is carried on disease prevention, in particular that of infectious diseases.

In addition to the general network of medical institutions, medical services to workers in Ukrainian industrial enterprises are effected by medico-sanitary de­partments and health centers which give out-patient and in-patient aid, implement sanitary measures at the places of work and in the workers' homes and also assist in the prevention of occupational illnesses and injuries. Out-patient treatment is widely developed in both town and village.

First aid, urgent medical aid for the population of Ukraine is provided by first-aid station. The overwhelming majority of hospitals were provided with X-ray and physical therapy rooms and clinical diagnostic labouratories. Electro­cardiography, tomofluorography and other up-to-date diagnostic methods are widely spread and biochemical, bacteriological, immunological, cytological, and other research is conducted.