VIII. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What happens to sick people whose condition is too serious to be treated on an outpatient basis?

2. What is the position of list patients?

3. What does clinical case-taking involve?

4. How is a general hospital in Britain usually organized?

5. What is the relation between the outpatient and inpatient departments in a typical British hospital?

6. How is the outpatient department organized?

7. What is a ward?

8. Who is in charge of a ward in British hospitals?

9. What is the difference in ward management between a Ukrainian and a British hospital?

10. Which types of wards can you name?

11. In what way is a ward organized?

12. What categories of health workers belong to the nursing staff?

13. Which are the ranks of the medical staff in order of seniority in a British teaching hospital?

14. What does the term "doing the morning ward round" mean?

15. What are the duties of the casualty department?

16. What are the main points of a standard daily programme of a medical team (firm)?

17. What kinds of special units are likely to be incorporated in a large general hospital?

18. What are the duties of medical social workers?

12. Infectious diseases. Pneumonia and influenza Інфекційні захворювання. Пневмонія та грип

I. Active vocabulary.

rabies – сказ;

worms – черви;

protozoans – найпростіші; multiply – розмножуватись; boil - нарив, фурункул; chickenpox – вітрянка; measles – кір;

mumps – свинка;

rubella - краснуха.

II. Find the exploration of the active vocabulary

1. boil	a) a very dangerous disease that affects dogs and other animals, and that you can catch if you are bitten by an infected animal
2. measles	b) legless parasites that may live in the bodies of people or animals and cat their food or their blood
3. to multiply	c) a very small living thing that has only one cell
4. rabies	d) to breed
5. chickenpox	e) a painful infected swelling under someone's skin
6. protozoans	f) an infectious illness which causes a slight fever and spots on your skin
7. worms	g) an infectious illness in which you have a fever and small red spots on your face and body. People often have this disease when they are children.
8. rubella	h) an infectious illness which makes your neck swell and become painful
9. mumps	i) an infectious disease that causes red spots on your body, and can damage an unborn child

ІП. Read and translate the text.

Infectious diseases

Infections are the most common type of disease. Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can invade the human body and cause diseases. Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens. Pathogens take over some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction. In the process, they damage or destroy the cells and tissues and so produce diseases.

Infectious diseases can be grouped according to the kind of pathogen that causes them. Bacteria and viruses are the most common pathogens. But fungi, protozoans, and worms also can cause infectious invasive diseases.

Bacterial diseases. Bacteria are microscopic, one-celled organisms. They rank among the most widespread of all living things. A single grain of soil may contain more than 100 million bacteria.

Most bacterial diseases result when bacteria multiply rapidly in the living tissue, damaging or killing it. Boils and carbuncles result from the multiplication of bacteria in the skin. Bacterial pneumonia occurs when bacteria invade the lungs and multiply there. Many other serious diseases, including tuberculosis, result from bacterial multiplication.

Viral diseases. Viruses are smaller than bacteria. They are so tiny that scientists can see them only by means of powerful electron microscopes. By itself, a virus seems to be a lifeless particle. But after a virus invades a living cell, it uses materials in the cell to reproduce. As a virus multiplies, it damages or destroys the cell. If a number of cells become infected, a disease results.

Viruses cause many common diseases, including chickenpox, measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles). Viruses are also responsible for influenza and the common cold. In fact, scientists have identified more than 100 different viruses that cause the common cold. Most cases of diarrhea and vomiting result from viral infections. Viruses also cause many serious diseases, including hepatitis, polio, rabies, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The virus that causes AIDS destroys the immune system's ability to function properly. As a result, people infected with the virus become susceptible to certain illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious. Many people with AIDS die from these illnesses.

Other infectious diseases can be caused by fungi, protozoans, and worms that live in or on the human body. These pathogens obtain food by breaking down body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines. These pathogens produce diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening internal disorders.

Spread of infectious diseases. Most infectious diseases are communicable - that is, they can spread from person to person. Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly contagious and sweeps through a community. This condition is called an epidemic. When an epidemic occurs at several places throughout the world at the same time, it is called a pandemic. Such an outbreak took place during the winter of 1918-1919, when influenza swept the world, killing about 20 million people. Some infectious diseases are always present in a particular geographic region. Such diseases are said to be endemic in that region. For example, malaria is endemic throughout much of Africa.