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III. Post-reading activities.

1. Answer the following questions.

  1. What is the function of bones?

  2. How many bones does the average human adult skeleton consist of?

  3. Why does bone building continue throughout life?

  4. What main parts has the skeleton?

  5. What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

  6. What bones does the appendicular skeleton include?

  7. What is the function of the vertebral column?

  8. How many vertebrae has the vertebral column? Name them.

  9. What bones do form a cage that shelters the heart, lungs, liver and spleen?

  1. What organs does the pelvis help to protect?

  2. How long does the process of ossification continue?

  3. What minerals are bones made up of?

  4. Why do our bones need calcium?

2. Fill in the blanks with the words given under the line.

  1. Our bones provide ... for our bodies.

  2. The skull protects the ....

  3. Bones of the skeleton begin to develop before ....

  4. ... is the only freely movable bone of the skull.

  5. The vertebrae form a column of bone that protects ....

  6. The pectoral girdle consists of the ... and scapula.

  7. Most of the blood cells are made in the soft... inside many of the bones.

  8. Bones are fastened to other bones by ... .

a) bone marrow; b) birth; d) clavicle; e) support;

e) the spinal cord; f) jaw; g) ligaments; h) brain

3. Group the words according to the skeleton parts.

Череп

Тулуб

Кінцівки

Hand, pelvis, skull, the tibia, jaw, coccyx, ulna, femur, rib, humerus, the cra­nium, thoracic vertebrae, foot, scapula, breastbone.

4. Put proper numerals in the blanks.

  1. There are ... bones in the appendicular skeleton.

  2. There are ... vertebrae in the cervical part of the spine.

  3. There are ... bones in the pelvis and lower limbs.

  4. There are ... vertebrae in the lumbar part of the spine.

  5. There are ... bones in the shoulders and upper limbs.

  6. There are ... vertebrae in the thoracic part of the spine.

  7. There are ... bones in the axial skeleton.

h) There are ... vertebrae in the sacral part of the spine.

5. Read and memorize the English idioms containing some topical words. Make your own sentences with the idioms.

BONE

  • a bone of contention a subject of disagreement or argument

  • to make no bones about (saying/doing) smth to say/do it openly and without hesitation or preference, although or may not be pleasant

ARM

  • to keep smb at arm's length to avoid becoming too friendly with him — триматися на достатній відстані

  • to welcome smb/smth with open arms to welcome him/it with enthusi­asm — прийняти кого-небудь з розкритими обіймами

CHEST

to get smth off one's chest to admit or tell smth to smb which was worrying one and which one did not want to talk about previously because it was unpleasant — полегшити душу; щиросердно зізнатися

BACK

to break the back of smth (usually of a job or some kind of work) to

finish the greater or most difficult part of the work

  • to stab in the back to act disloyally to a person, esp. when this comes as a shock to him — удар у спину; зрадницький удар

  • to see the back of someone (informal) to see him for the last time (with relief); to get rid of him because he causes annoyance etc. — позбавитися кого-небудь

  • to have no backbone to have no courage, to be easily disheartened — бути людиною без волі

  • to go behind smb's back to do or say smth expressly without his know­ledge

  • to do smth behind smb's back to do it without his knowledge or when he is not present