INDEX

A

AAO-HNS hearing classification 87 abscess drainage 111

abscesses

see intracranial abscesses acetazolamide 70 acromegaly 125, 128, 129

activated recombinant factor VII 196, 197 adjacent segment disease (ASD) 166–7 adjuvant radiosurgery/radiotherapy 21, 38,

131, 208

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) 129, 130

ampicillin 112 amygdala 50

amyloid angiopath 194 anaesthesia dolorosa 140 aneurysms 227 angiogenesis 146

anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) 163

anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) 163, 167, 168

anterior choroid point 50 anterior inferior cerebellar artery

(AICA) 135–6

anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR) 48, 49–51, 54

antibiotics intracranial

abscesses 103, 109, 110, 111, 112 traumatic brain injury 92

anticholinergics 115 anticoagulation

intracranial haemorrhage 192, 193, 197 subdural haematoma 6–7, 8

traumatic brain injury 92 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)

gliomas 205, 211

temporal lobe epilepsy 45, 55 traumatic brain injury 100

antiplatelet agents 7 arachnoid mater 3

arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) 222 arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) 215–27

benefits of surgery 220 presentation 224

risk factors 223–4 arthroplasty 167–8 aspergillus 112

astrocytic tumour cells 16 astrocytomas 16, 17, 36, 209, 210 atlanto-axial subluxation 154 atrial fibrillation 7

avulsed ventral root 184 awake craniotomy 207 axonotmesis 179, 181

B

base of skull fractures 92 basilar migration 151 Berger, Hans 55 Beriplex 1

bilateral vestibular schwannomas see vestibular schwannomas

biochemical cascades 6 biopsy 206

glioblastoma multiforme 18, 19 gliomas 205, 206

intramedullary spinal chord tumours 37 blast injury 183

bleeding risk 173, 174

blood pressure management 195–7 brachial plexus 179, 181, 183, 184 Brattstrom–Granholm method 157 breast cancer 143, 147 Brown–Séquard syndrome 183 burr hole aspiration 191

burr holes 4, 5

C

C1–C2 fixation 154–5 carbamezapine 135

catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors 115 cauda equina 28, 64

caudal lipomas 63 cavernomas 38

cavernous malformations 171–5 imaging 174

ceftazidime 112

cell transplantation 56 cerebral metastasis 143–7

patient selection 146 treatment options 144–5

232 Index

cerebral oedema 103

cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 92, 93, 95, 99 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 69, 106

leakage 37, 88

cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) 161–8 presentation 161

chaotic lipomas 63 chemotherapy

cerebral metastasis 146

glioblastoma multiforme 15, 18, 19–21 gliomas 206, 211, 212, 213 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 38

chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) 4, 6, 8 chronic suppurative otitis media 110, 111 clot aspiration 191

colloid cysts 75–9

emergency management 79 histology 77

incidence 78 remnants 79

complex partial seizures (CPS) 43, 44 conduction dysphasia 11

conformal external beam radiotherapy 15 conservative management

glioblastoma multiforme 18 idiopathic intracranial hypertension 72 lumbosacral lipomas 63, 66

pituitary macroadenoma 131 spondylolisthesis 23, 26, 28–9, 30 vestibular schwannomas 87

see also non-operative management conus equina 64

coronal plane deformities 168 corpectomy 163

cortical stimulation mapping 212 cortical thrombophlebitis 104 corticosteroids 12

cranial nerve examination 86 craniectomy 94, 96, 98–9, 100, 135 cranioplasty 96, 97

craniotomy 99

cerebral metastasis 143 glioblastoma multiforme 13–15, 19 intracranial abscesses 111 intracranial haemorrhage 199 subdural haematoma 6

temporal lobe epilepsy 49, 50, 51 traumatic brain injury 92, 99 trigeminal neuralgia 141

cryptogenic temporal lobe epilepsy 51 CT scans

arteriovenous malformations 217–18, 223 cavernous malformations 172, 174

cerebral metastasis 143 colloid cysts 75, 76–7

glioblastoma multiforme 11, 12, 14, 16 gliomas 205, 210

idiopathic intracranial hypertension 69, 70, 72

intracranial abscesses 104, 105, 109 intracranial haemorrhage 189, 190,

191–2, 197

intramedullary spinal chord tumours 36 neurofibromatosis 86

Parkinson’s disease 116, 118 peripheral nerve injury 181 rheumatoid spine disease 150 spondylolisthesis 28 subdural haematoma 1, 2

traumatic brain injury 92, 93, 94, 96–7, 99 Cushing, Harvey 36

cyberknife radiotherapy 38, 89, 175

D

dabigatran 193 Dandy, Walter 173

decompressive craniectomy 96, 98 deep brain stimulation (DBS) 116–22

electrode implantation 121 patient selection 118–19, 120 target selection 119–21

degenerative spondylolisthesis 27 destructive procedures 140

developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) 174 dexamethasone 12

cerebral metastasis 143 glioblastoma multiforme 12, 13

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) 155–6

dopamine 115 dopaminergic agonist 115 dorsal lipomas 63

dorsal root entry zone 61 driving licences (UK)

arteriovenous malformations 220–1 traumatic brain injury 100

dura mater 3 dysphasia 11

dysplastic spondylolisthesis 27

E

Ebers Papyrus 221 electric burr 110

electrically-active drug release 56 electroencephalography (EEG) 46–7, 53, 54, 55 electromyography (EMG) 181, 182

234 Index

ignition hypothesis (trigeminal neuralgia) 138, 139

image guidance systems 56, 109 infratentorial intracranial haemorrhage 201 infratentorial lesions 173

interlaminar clamps 154 International League Against Epilepsy

(ILAE) 43 intra-operative monitoring

glioblastoma multiforme 14, 17, 19 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 34,

37

intracerebral clots 191 intracranial abscesses 103–12

aetiology 110 formation 105 infection routes 111

intracranial haemorrhage 189–201 causes/risk factors 193 estimation of volume 189

intracranial pressure (ICP) 92, 93, 94, 95–6, 97, 98, 99

intracranial venous sinus stents 73 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 33–9

evidence base for surgery 38 presentation 36

ischaemic penumbra 197 iso-hyperintense lesions 12 isthmic spondylolisthesis 27

J

Jacksonian march 43

Jaques catheter 5

K

Karnofsky performance scale 13, 14, 20 Knosp classification 127

kyphosis 164, 165, 168

L

lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio 93, 94 laminectomy 163, 165 laminoplasty 165–6

language hemisphere dominance 11, 48 lanreotide 131

lesional surgery 121–2

linear accelerator (LINAC) radiosurgery 89 lobar haemorrhage 200

local anaesthetic 5 lordosis 27, 163, 164

lumbar peritoneal shunts 71, 72 lumbar spine surgery 24 lumbosacral lipomas 59–66

anatomy 62–3 classification 63 epidemiology 63

neurological deterioration 64–5 lumbosacral vertebral slip 26 lung cancer 146, 147

M

Macewen, William 110, 192 mastoidectomies 110, 111, 112 mastoiditis 103, 112 McKissock, Wylie 198

mean arterial pressure (MAP) 93 melanoma 147

metastasis

see cerebral metastasis methotrexate 149 methylation 20 metronidazole 112 Meyer’s loop 50 micro-aneurysms 194 microdialysis 99 microsurgery

arteriovenous malformations 224 colloid cysts 79

vestibular schwannomas 88 microvascular decompression (MVD) 135,

137, 140–1

middle cranial fossa surgery 87, 88 mini-craniotomy 143

Modified Dandy Criteria 70 monoamine oxidase inhibitors 115 MR imaging (MRI)

arteriovenous malformations 220 cavernous malformations 172, 173, 174 cerebral metastasis 143

cervical spondylotic myelopathy 161 colloid cysts 75

glioblastoma multiforme 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 gliomas 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211 idiopathic intracranial hypertension 70, 72 intracranial abscesses 103, 107, 108 intracranial haemorrhage 197 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 35,

36

lumbosacral lipomas 59–60 neurofibromatosis 83, 84, 86 Parkinson’s disease 116–17 peripheral nerve injury 180, 181 pituitary macroadenoma 126, 127,

129, 130

rheumatoid spine disease 150, 151 spondylolisthesis 24

236 Index

R

radiosurgery/radiotherapy cerebral metastasis 145, 146

glioblastoma multiforme 15, 19, 20, 21 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 36,

37, 38

pituitary macroadenoma 131 temporal lobe epilepsy 55 vestibular schwannomas 87, 88–9

Radiosurgery or Open Surgery for Epilepsy (ROSE) trial 55

Ranawat classes 149–50 randomized control trials (RCTs)

glioblastoma multiforme 19–20 Parkinson’s disease 119 spondylolisthesis 23

temporal lobe epilepsy 55 rebleeding

arteriovenous malformations 221 cavernous malformations 173, 174, 175 subdural haematoma 4

receptive dysphasia 11 refractory epilepsy 45 resection 19

colloid cysts 79

glioblastoma multiforme 18–20 gliomas 211, 212, 213

intramedullary spinal chord tumours 34, 37

temporal lobe epilepsy 49–51 retrosigmoid transmeatal surgery 87–8 rheumatoid spine disease 149–58

pathologies 153–4

peri-operative morbidity/mortality 155 root avulsion 183

S

sagittal balance 164

secondary intracerebral haematoma 192 septic work up 103

signal change 161

signal loss during surgery 37 simple partial seizures (SPS) 43–4 somatosensory-evoked potentials

(SSEPs) 181 somatostatin analogues 131 Sonowand 14 space-occupying lesions 12 speech mapping 207 Spencer technique 55

Spetzler–Martin classification 215–16, 224 spinal cavernomas 38

spinal fixation

intramedullary tumours 38 rheumatoid spine disease 153

spinal lipomas

see lumbosacral lipomas spondylolisthesis 23–30

classification 27 non-operative/conservative treatment 23,

28–9, 30

outcome measures 24 spondylolysis 27, 28 spondylotic myelopathy

see cervical spondylotic myelopathy staged embolization 218–19

‘steal’ phenomena 224 stereotactic aspiration colloid cysts 78, 79

intracranial abscesses 112 intracranial haemorrhage 199–200

stereotactic biopsy 206 stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

arteriovenous malformations 219, 220, 225–6

cavernous malformations 175 cerebral metastasis 146 pituitary macroadenoma 131 trigeminal neuralgia 140 vestibular schwannomas 88, 89

steroids

cerebral metastasis 146

idiopathic intracranial hypertension 72 intracranial abscesses 103, 111 subdural haematoma 6

‘stun’ phenomenon 117, 118 subcortical electrical mapping 212 subdural drains 8

subdural haematoma 1–8, 92 anticoagulation 6–7 epidemiology 2

fluid drainage 8 non-operative management 6 pathogenesis 3–4

surgical treatment 4–6 subthalamic nucleus (STN) 116, 119 supratentorial surgery 200

surgical decision making 163 surveillance imaging 205 survival times

cerebral metastasis 146 glioblastoma multiforme 19–21 intracranial haemorrhage 194 lumbosacral lipomas 65

symptomatic static/progressive lipomas 66

T

temozolomide

glioblastoma multiforme 15, 21 gliomas 211, 212

temporal lobe abscesses 110 temporal lobe epilepsy 43–56

imaging 53–4 resection 49–51 temporal lobectomy 55

tethered cord syndrome 60 thalamus 120

timing of surgery

cavernous malformations 175 intramedullary spinal chord tumours 37 traumatic brain injury 100

Tinel’s sign 179

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 4 Todd’s paresis 43

topiramate 72 tractography 212

transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) 29

transitional lipomas 63 translabyrinthine surgery 87, 88 transverse sinus stenosis 72 traumatic brain injury 91–100

prognostic modelling 97–8 traumatic spondylolisthesis 27 trigeminal ganglion 140 trigeminal neuralgia 135–41

diagnosis 136–8 imaging 139 pathogenesis 138–9

surgical treatment 139–40 twist drill craniostomy (TDC) 5 two-point method (cavernous malformations) 175

two-sucker technique (pituitary macroadenoma) 127

U

ultrasound

glioblastoma multiforme 14 gliomas 212

Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale 116

V

vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) 55–6 vascular conflict theory 138–9

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) cerebral metastasis 146

glioblastoma multiforme 12 subdural haematoma 4

vascular intramedullary tumours 38, 39 vasogenic oedema 12 ventriculo-peritoneal shunts 72 vertical translocation 154

vestibular schwannomas 83–9 conservative management 87 diagnosis 83

genetics 85 presentation 86

visual analogue for pain scale (VAS) 24 visual field deficit 54

vitamin K 1 vitamin K1 196

Von Hippel–Lindau disease 39

W

Wada test 48 warfarin

intracranial haemorrhage 193, 196 subdural haematoma 6–7

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 54 WHO classification

astrocytomas 16, 209 colloid cysts 77 ependymomas 34–5 nerve sheath tumours 84

Wiltse paraspinal approach 25

X

X-rays

intramedullary spinal chord tumours 36

rheumatoid spine disease 152 spondylolisthesis 25 trigeminal neuralgia 135, 136