ABBREVIATIONS

A&E

Accident and Emergency

DREZ

dorsal root entry zone

AACE

American Association of Clinical

DRG

dorsal root ganglion

Endocrinologists

DSA

digital subtraction angiography

ABP

arterial blood pressure

DVA

developmental venous anomalies

ACCF

anterior cervical corpectomy and

DVLA

Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency

fusion

DWI

diffusion-weighted imaging

ACDF

anterior cervical discectomy and fusion

ECG

electrocardiogram

ADC

apparent diffusion coefficient

ECRL

Extensor carpi radialis longis

ADI

atlantodental interval

EEA

expanded endonasal approach

AED

anti-epileptic drugs

EEG

electroencephalography

AF

atrial fibrillation

EMA

epithelial membrane antigen

AICA

anterior inferior cerebellar artery

EMG

electromyography

ANT

anterior thalamus

ENT

ear, nose, and throat

ASD

adjacent segment disease

EOP

external occipital protuberance

ASDH

acute subdural haematoma

EVD

external ventricular drain

ATECO

auto-triggered elliptic centric-ordered

FEF

frontal eye field

ATLR

anterior temporal lobe resection

FFP

fresh frozen plasma

ATLS

Advanced Trauma and Life Support

FIESTA

fast imaging employing steady state

AVF

arteriovenous fistulae

acquisition

AVM

arteriovenous malformation

FISP

fast imaging with steady-state

bDMARD

biologic disease-modifying

precession

antirheumatic drug

FLAIR

fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

BMI

body mass index

fMRI

functional MRI

BMP

bone morphogenic protein

FS

febrile seizures

bSSFP

balanced steady state free precession

fVIIa

activated recombinant factor VII

CCM

cerebral cavernous malformation

GBM

glioblastoma multiforme

CMAP

compound motor action potential

GCS

Glasgow Coma Score

CNS

central nervous system

GFAP

glial fibrillary acidic protein

CPA

cerebellopontine angle

GH

growth hormone

CPP

cerebral perfusion pressure

GPi

globus pallidus interna

CPS

complex partial seizures

GTCS

generalized tonic clonic seizures

CS

cavernous sinus

GTR

gross total resection

CSAP

compound sensory action potential

HAQ

Health Assessment Questionnaire

CSDH

chronic subdural haematoma

HGG

high-grade glioma

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

HHT

hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

CSM

cervical spondylotic myelopathy

HR

hazard ratio

CT

computed tomography

IAM

internal acoustic meatus

CUSA

Cavitron Ultrasonic Aspirator

ICH

intracranial haemorrhage

DAI

diffuse axonal injury

ICP

intracranial pressure

DBS

deep-brain stimulation

IED

improvised explosive device

DMARD

disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid

IIH

idiopathic intracranial hypertension

drug

ILAE

International League Against Epilepsy

xii Abbreviations

IMSCT

intramedullary spinal cord tumours

PICH

primary intracerebral haematoma

INO

internuclear opthalmoplegia

PLF

posterolateral fusion

INR

international normalized ratio

PLIF

posterior lumbar interbody fusion

IOG

Improving Outcome Guidance

PPN

pedunculopontine nucleus

IPG

implantable pulse generator

PPRF

paramedian pontine reticular

IQ

intelligence quotient

formation

IVH

intraventricular haemorrhage

PRx

Pulse Reactivity Index

L/P

lactate/pyruvate

PT

prothrombin time

LGG

low grade glioma

PTA

post-traumatic epilepsy

LINAC

linear accelerator

PWI

perfusion-weighted imaging

LP

lumboperitoneal

QST

Quantitative Sensory Testing

MAP

mean arterial pressure

RA

rheumatoid arthritis

MCA

middle cerebral artery

RCC

red cell count

MCNF

medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm

RCT

randomized control trial

MCP

metacarpophalangeal

REZ

root entry zone

MDI

Myelopathy Disability Index

RNS

responsive neurostimulation

MDT

multidisciplinary team

rtPA

recombinant tissue plasminogen

MEG

magneto-encephalography

activator

MEP

motor-evoked potentials

SAH

subarachnoid haemorrhage

MGMT

Methylguanine-methyltransferase

SCA

superior cerebellar artery

MLF

medial longitudinal fasiculus

SDH

subdural haematomas

MR

magnetic resonance

SF-36

short-form 36 health survey

MRC

Medical Research Council

SIVMS

Scottish Intracranial Vascular

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

Malformation Study

MRV

magnetic resonance venography

SPECT

single-photon emission CT

NAA

N-acetylaspartate

SPORT

Spine Patient Outcomes Research

NDI

Neck Disability Index

Trial

NF2

neurofibromatosis type 2

SPS

simple partial seizures

NFPA

non-functioning-pituitary adenoma

SRS

stereotactic radiosurgery

NHS

National Health Service

SSA

somatostatin analogues

NICE

National Institute for Health and

SSEP

somatosensory-evoked potentials

Clinical Excellence

STN

subthalamic nucleus

NSAID

non-steroidal anti-inflammatories

TBI

traumatic brain injury

ODI

Oswestry Disability Index

TDC

twist drill craniostomy

OGTT

oral glucose tolerance testing

TENS

transcutaneous electrical nerve

ORIF

open reduction and internal fixation

stimulation

OS

overall survival

TIA

transient ischaemic attack

PADI

posterior atlantodental interval

TLE

temporal lobe epilepsy

PAS

Periodic Acid Schiff

TLIF

transforaminal lumbar interbody

PBC

percutaneous balloon compression

fusion

PCA

posterior cerebral artery

TN

trigeminal neuralgia

PCT

Primary Care Trust

TNF

tumour necrosis factor

PD

Parkinson’s disease

TOF

time of flight

PE

pulmonary embolism

tPA

tissue plasminogen activator

PET

positron emission tomography

UMN

upper motor neuron

PFS

progression-free survival

UPDRA

Unified Parkinson’s disease Rating

PI

pituitary incidentaloma

Scale

PICC

peripherally inserted central catheter

VAS

visual analogue for pain scale

Abbreviations xiii

VEGF

vascular endothelial growth factor

VNS

vagal nerve stimulation

VEGF

vascular endothelial growth factor

VOP

ventralis oralis nucleus

VFD

visual field deficit

VP

ventriculo-peritoneal

VHL

von Hippel–Lindau

WBRT

whole brain radiotherapy

VIM

ventralis intermedius nucleus

WCC

white cell count