1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. How can you explain the notion "pharmacy", "pharmacology", "pharmacist"?

2. What system is used when ordering and prescribing drugs?

3. What units of weight and volume do you know?

4. Why are reference books useful to practitioners?

5. How are drugs administered?

6. What groups are drugs classified into?

7. Do drugs belong only to one group?

8. What are there strict legal requirements for?

9. What common recommendations are there for the care of drugs?

2. Соотнесите слова из правой колонки с разъяснениями их значе­ний из левой:

A book containing a list of medicinal substances with formulas for their preparation	requirement
The metric unit of weight	poison
Care taken in advance to avoid the risk	gram
Substance used for medical purposes, either alone or in a mixture	pharmacist
State of being unable to feel (pain, heat, cold, etc.)	precaution

Person demonstrating capable to engage in the practice of pharmacy	pharmacopoeia
Something needed or depended on for success	drug
Substance causing death or harm if absorbed by a living thing	anaesthesia

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и

словосочетаний. Составьте с ними предложения:

Лекарственные вещества, искусство составления и расфасовки лекарств, требует специальных знаний, метод упаковки и хранения лекарств, внут­реннее и наружное применение, стандартная чайная ложка, использовать для лечения инфекций, держать в специальных ящичках.

3. Используя информацию из истории болезни, подберите наибо­лее подходящий антибиотик каждому пациенту:

A A 4-year-old boy with meningitis due to pneumococcus. He is allergic to penicillin.

В. A 27- year-old woman with urinary tract infection in early pregnancy.

C: An 8-year-old boy with tonsillitis due to b-haemolytic streptococcus.

4. A 43-year-old dairyman with brucelosis.

5. A 13-year-old girl with disfigurig acne.

GENTAMICIN

Indications: septicaemia and neonatal sepsis; meningitis and other CNS infections; biliary-tract infection, acute pyelonephritis or prostatitis, endocarditis caused by Strep, viridans or Strep, faecalis (with a penicillin); pneumonia in hospital patients, adjunct in listerial meningitis (section 5.1, table 1)

Cautions-, renal impairment, infants and elderly (adjust dose and monitor renal, auditory and vestibular function together with plasma gentamicin concentrations); avoid prolonged use; see also notes above;

Interactions: Appendix 1 (aminoglycosides)

Contra-indications: pregnancy, myasthenia gravis

Side-effects: vestibular and auditory d amage, nephrotoxicity; r arely, hypomagnesaemia on prolonged therapy, antibiotic-associated colitis; see also notes above

Dose: by intramuscular or by slow intravenous injection over at least 3 minutes or by intravenous infusion, 2-5 mg/kg daily (in divided doses every 8 hours), see also notes above; reduce dose and measure plasma concentrations in renal impairment.

child up to 2 weeks, 3 mg/kg every 12 hours, 2 weeks-12 years, 2 mg/kg every 8 hours

By intrathecal injection: 1 mg daily (increased if necessary to 5 mg daily), ■with 2-4 mg/kg daily by intramuscular injection (in divided doses every 8 hours)

CEFUROXIM

Indications: see under Cefaclor; surgical prophylaxis: more active against Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Cautions; Contra­indications; Side-effects: see under Cefaclor

Dose: by mouth (as cefuroxime axetil), 250 mg twice daily in most infections including mild to moderate lower respiratory-tract infections (e.g. bronchitis); doubled for more severe lower respiratory tract infections or if pneumonia suspected.

Urinary-tract infection, 125 mg twice daily, doubled in pyelonephritis. Gonorrhoea. 1 g as a single dose.

child over 3 months 125 mg twice daily, if necessary doubled in child over 2 years with otitis media

By intramuscular injection or intravenous injection or infusion, 750 mg every 6-8 hours; 1.5 g every 6-8 hours in severe infections: single doses over 750 mg intravenous route only.

child usual dose 60 mg/kg daily (range 30-100 mg/kg daily) in 3-4 divided doses (2-3 divided doses in neonates)

Gonorrhoea. 1.5 g as a single dose by intramuscular injection (divided between 2 sites)

Surgical prophylaxis. 1.5g by intravenous injection at induction; may be supplemented with 750 mg intramuscularly 8 and 16 hours later (abdominal, pelvic, and orthopaedic operations) or followed by 750 mg intramuscularly every 8 hours for further 24 - 48 hours (cardiac, pulmonary,oesophageal, and vascular operations) Meningitis. 3 g intravenously every 8 hours;

child. 200-240 mg/kg daily (in 3-4 divided doses) reduced to 100 mg/kg daily after 3 days or on clinical improvement. neonate. 100 mg/kg daily reduced to 50 mg/kg daily

PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLJN

(Penicillin V)

Indications: tonsillitis, otitis media, erysipelas; rheumatic fever and pneumococcal infection, prophylaxis (see table 2) Cautions, Centra-indications, Side-effects: see under Benzylpenicillin\ Interactions: Appendix 1 (penicillins)

Dose: 500 mg every 6 hours increased to 750 mg every 6 hours in severe infections;

CHILD every 6 hours, up to 1 year 62.5 mg, 1-5 years 125 mg, 6-12 years .'SO mg

Rheumatic fever and pneumococcal infection prophylaxis, section 5.1, table 2

TETRACYCLINE

Indications: exacerbations of chronic bronchitis; brucellosis (see also notes above), chlamydia, mycoplasma, and rickettsia; pleural effusions due to malignancy or cirrhosis; acne vulgaris (see section 13.6)

Cautions: hepatic impairment (avoid intravenous administration): renal impairment (see Appendix 3); rarely causes photosensitivity; interactions: Appendix 1 (tetracyclines)

Contra-indications: renal impairment (see Appendix 3), pregnancy and breast-feeding (see also Appendixes 4 and 5), children under 12 years of age, systemic lupus erythematosus

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea; erythema (discontinue treatment); headache and visual disturbances may indicate benign intracranial hypertension; hepatoxicity, antibiotic-associated pancreatitis and colitis reported

Dose: by mouth, 250 mg every 6 hours, increased in severe infections to 500 mg every 6-8 hours Acne, see section 13.6 Primary, secondary, or latent syphilis. 500 mg every 6 hours for 15 days Non-gonococcal urethritis, 500 mg every 6 hours for 7-14 days (21 days if failure or relapse following the first course)

Counselling: Tablets or capsules should be swallowed whole with plenty of fluid while sitting or standing By intravenous infusion, 500 mg every 12 hours; max. 2 g daily

AMPICILLIN

Indications: urinary-tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, invasive salmonellosis, gonorrhea

Cautions: history of allergy; renal impairment; erythematous rashes common in glandular fever, chronic lymphatic leukemia, and possibly HIV infection; interactions: Appendix 1 (penicillins) Contra-indications: penicillin hypersensitivity

Side-effects: nausea, d iarrhea; rashes (discontinue treatment); rarely, antibiotic-associated colitis; see also under Benzylpenicillin (section 5.1.1.1) Dose: by mouth, 0.25-1 g every 6 hours, at least 30 minutes before food Gonorrhoea, 2-3.5 g as a single dose with pro-benecid 1 g Urinary-tract infections, 500 mg every 8 hours

By intramuscular injection or intravenous injection or infusion, 500 mg every 4-6 hours; higher doses in meningitis CHILD under 10 years, any route, half adult dose

§ 20. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Umans have become so numerous and our tools so powerful that we have i fellow creatures to extinction, damned the great rivers, torn down ancient s, poisoned the earth, rain and wind, ripped holes in the sky. Wc are really one with nature, our planet and the Universe being connected til them by every cell of our being. The feeling of being one with the world " В expressed by Chief Seattle in his famous speech at tribal meeting of North nerican Indians in 1854: "Every part of this earth is sacred to my people. _i very shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, yery clearing and every humming insect is holy in the memory and experience Fmy people."

Unfortunately, our technical civilization thinking only of material goods ucceed- ed in destroying Nature and creating the ecological crisis on our planet. tf present trends continue for the next several, our planet will become uninhabitable

Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet - wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warning that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect.

The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear Waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. For example, the Mediterranean is already nearly dead or the Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. Every ten minutes one kind of animals, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done ubout it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct. Air pollution is a very serious problem. Industrial enterprisers emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet.

It is no doubt that enormous developments in the use of chemicals in a wide range of human activities have brought great benefits to society. But unless series of tragic incidents had occurred, much consideration for possible health effects would not have been taken. In 1959 an unusual disease was reported in Japan. They was found to be associated with the industrial discharge of mercury compounds into neighboring waterways. If the mercury were not accumulated by the local fish, it wouldn 't reach toxic concentration; over a thousand people wouldn't become ill. This accident highlighted the fact that toxic effects can follow from relatively low exposures repeated over a long period. How ever short were the period of exposure, it did induce significant adverse effects.

People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else's. They join and support various international organizations and green parties .And it must be the challenge of all people to restore an ecological balance on the Earth and to leave it clean and healthy for future generations.

Словарь:
Extinction	- вымирание
To tear (tore, torn)	- уничтожить
To rip hole	- проделывать дыру
Sacred	- святой
To become uninhabitable	- становиться необитаемым
Pollution	- загрязнение
Consumption	- потребление
Ozone depletion	- истощение озонового слоя
Deforestation	- обезлесение
Greenhouse effect	- парниковый эффект
To emit	- выбрасывать
Disastrous consequences	- чудовищные последствия