1. Polyarchy a.

2. Consociational b. democracy

3. Communism

4. Confucianism c.

5. Theocracy

6. Authoritarianism d.

e. f.

Definition

'Rule by God', the principle that religious authority should prevail over political authority. A system of ethics that concerned itself with the twin themes of human relations and the cultivation of the self.

A belief in, or practice of

government from

'above', in which authority is

exercised regardless of popular

consent.

The communal organization of social existence on the basis of the collective ownership of property, 'Rule by many', institutions and political processes of modern representative democracy. A form of democracy that operates through power sharing and close association amongst a number of parties or political formations.

1. Brevity is a ... characteristic of the author's style.

2. These two weapons are ... by the distance of their use.

3. This politician has a ... record of service.

4. He is not very ... of criticism.

5. The speaker was exaggerating the facts so much that we couldn't... it any longer.

6. Peace-loving forces can be called peace-...

7. His speech was a ... to the program of our party.

8. ... found some connection between the accused and the jury and ... the verdict of the latter.

9. The new government is facing a ... task of fulfilling its promises.

<B'

a. to be suspended

b. to be repressed

c. emergency

d. to belong

e. to survive

f. survivors, survivor

g. challenging

h. a challenge

I. Lord Advocate, to challenge

j. tolerate

k. advocates

1. distinguishable

m. distinguishing

n. tolerant

o. distinguished

10. There were no ... of the earthquake in the district but for one man, he was the sole ...

11. This party ... to the advocates of liberal democracy

12. Under the military regimes normal political and constitutional arrangements ... usually ...

13. This fire extinguisher is to be used only in an ...

14. They ... all the hardships of the war.

15. The revolt ... immediately.

Ex. 6. Translate into Russian paying attention to different functions of 'one* and 'do' in the sentences.

1. East Asian political form is a less familiar one.

2. This interpretation ignores the difference between cultures influenced by Confucian ideas and values and ones shaped by liberal individualism.

3. East Asian regimes tend to be orientated more around economic goals than political ones.

4. One feature of postcommunist regimes is the need to deal with the politico-cultural consequences of communist rule,

5. One can argue that most former communist regimes will become indistinguishable from western polyarchies.

6. The interpretation fails to take account of the degree to which polyarchial institutions operate differently in an Asian context from the way they do in a western one.

7. Is political participation confined to an elite body or privileged group, or does it encompass the entire population?

8. The tendency to classify communist and fascist regimes as «totalitarian», implies that western liberal democracies were fighting the same enemy in the Cold War as they had done in the Second World War.

9. They do participate in the discussion but they don't have any say in the decision-making.

Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with: 'accept', 'adopt', 'admit', 'receive' and their derivatives.

1. The Russian President... the invitation to take part in the work of the conference on European security, he ... warmly by his Turkish counterpart, and said that the talks were held in a friendly atmosphere. A number of documents on world peace and security ...

2. All honored guests were accorded a warm ...

3. The ... of the new declaration found ... with all peace advocates.

4. A new member ... to the Party.

5. Children are not ... to evening performances.

6. The building was under repair. The sign said «No

Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks using modal verbs can, could, should, may.

1. On what basis have and ... regimes be classified?

2. Whereas governments ... be changed by elections, as a result of coup d'etats, through dynastic succession and so on, regimes ... only be changed by military intervention from without or by some kind of revolutionary upheaval from within.

3. The heritage of the communist past ... be discarded overnight, especially when, as in Russia, the communist system had endured for over 70 years.

4. Important differences between post-communist states ... also be identified.

5. The rise of East Asia in the late twentieth century ... ultimately prove to be a more important world-historical event than the collapse of communism.

6. There is general acceptance in East Asian regimes that the state as a «father figure* ... guide the decisions of private as well as public bodies.

7. Normal political and constitutional arrangements through which opposition ... be expressed, are either weakened or abolished.

Ex. 9. Replace clauses by the Gerundial phrases

1. When the chairman finished enumerating the items on the agenda, he passed over to the main issue.

2. When the secretary was looking through the report, he came across some interesting facts.

.v After he had taken account of the current situation the defence

minister commented on the recent initiatives. 4. The Party members had made all the arrangements before they

held elections.

5. The orator didn't acknowledge the criticism and went on with his speech.

6. The Labour Party gained preeminence over the Tories as it embodied its promises of cutting taxes into its new manifesto.

Ex. 10. Use the correct form of the Gerund

1. The programmes had no chance of (distinguish); they looked very much alike,

2. It was a good opportunity for (advocate) his new principles of government.

3. They were accused of (conduct) the policy of laissez-faire.

4. He might be critisised for not (embody) the ideas of his party in the report.

5. He is a wonderful speaker. We couldn't help (impress). Ex. 11. Supply the missing prepositions:

1. He challenged his opponent ... advocating his own principles.

2. ... advocating the principle of separation of powers Montesquieu¹ survived his critics.

3. What did the UN Secretary General mean ... highlighting the quest for reforms?

4. The government went on with its project ... paying attention to the plight of the repressed minorities in that country.

5. The Prime Minister could not run the risk ... contradicting the President.

6. They insisted ... challenging their opponent's critique.

7. Some regimes survive ... exercising, above all, military power and systematic repression.

8. There are reason ... treating postcommunist systems as distinct.

Ex. 12. Translate into English:

1. Западные полиархии в широком смысле эквивалентны ре­жимам, характеризуемым как «либеральные демократии» или просто «демократии».

2. Термин «полиархия» предпочтителен термину «либеральная демократия» по двум соображениям. Во-первых, либераль­ная демократия иногда рассматривается как некий полити­ческий идеал. Во-вторых, использование термина «полиар­хия» признает, что ее режимы по важным моментам еще далеки от цели демократии.

' Montesquieu (1689—1775) - French political philosopher, fathered the idea of 'separation of powers'.

3. Западные полиархии отличает не только представительский характер демократии и капиталистическая организация экономики, но и повсеместное признание либерального индивидуализма.

4. Главными чертами процесса демократизации стали введе­ние многопартийных выборов и проведение ориентирован­ных на рынок экономических реформ.

5. Наследие коммунистического прошлого не может быть преодолено быстро, особенно там, где, как в России, ком­мунистическая система существовала более 70 лет.

6. Переход от централизованного планирования к свободному рынку через «шоковую терапию», за которую выступает МВФ, вызвал чувство крайней незащищенности из-за рос­та безработицы и инфляции и, как результат, привел к рез­кому углублению социального неравенства.

7. Переходный процесс раскрепостил силы и создал пробле­мы, значительно отличающиеся от тех, с которыми сталки­ваются западные полиархии.

8. Подъем Восточной Азии в конце двадцатого века может в конечном итоге оказаться более важным мировым истори­ческим событием, чем крах коммунизма.

9. Давно существует широко распространенное предположе­ние, что модернизация означает вестернизацию. Переве­денное на политический язык, это означает, что индустри­альный капитализм всегда сопровождается либеральной демократией,

10. Однако, такая интерпретация не учитывает, до какой сте­пени действуют различно полиархические институты в ази­атском контексте, от таких же в западном. Более того, она игнорирует разницу между культурными традициями, на­ходящимися под влиянием конфуцианских идей и ценно­стей, и культурой и традициями, сформированными либе­ральным индивидуализмом.

11. В восточно-азиатских регионах существует широкая под­держка «сильного» правления и уважения к «государству».

12. В центре конфуцианской этической системы лежат вер­ность, дисциплина и долг. Большое внимание уделяется общинности и социальной целостности, которые воплоще­ны в центральной роли, отводимой семье.

13. Главное внимание, уделяемое тому, что японцы называют «групповым мышлением», ограничивает масштабы ассими- ляции таких идей, как индивидуализм и права человека, по крайней мере так, как они понимаются на Западе.

14. ¹ Karl Marx (] 818—1883) - German philosopher, economist and political thinker, the father of 20th century communism.

    ² Vladimir I. Lenin (1870-1924) - Russian Marxist theorist, musterminded the 1917 Russian Bolshevic Revolution, the first leader of the USSR.

    ³ Josef Stalin (1879-1953) - the USSR political leader 1924-1953, established a brutal totalitarian dictatorship that was supported by an eleborate cult of personality.

    Большинство режимов формируются в результате комби­наций различных политических, экономических, культур­ных и идеологических факторов, однако, некоторые из них выживают благодаря применению, главным образом, воен­ной силы и систематических репрессий. В этом смысле, военные режимы относятся к более широкой категории ав­торитаризма.

15. Такие институты, как избираемые (законодательные) соб­рания и свободная пресса либо ослаблены, либо запреще­ны военными режимами.

16. При некоторых военных режимах вооруженные силы берут на себя прямой контроль над управлением страной через офицерские советы командования (хунты). Другая форма, поддерживаемая военными, — персонифицированная дик­татура. Существует еще одна форма военного режима, при которой военные ограничиваются ролью кукловодов за сценой, т.е. когда решающим фактором сохранения режима является лояльность вооруженных сил.

17. Ислам никогда не был и не является просто религией. Он оказывает влияние на все стороны жизни, определяя пра­вила морального, политического и экономического поведе­ния как отдельных людей, так и целых государств.

18. Политический ислам ставит своей целью создание теокра­тии, в которой политические и другие отношения строятся в соответствии с «высшими» религиозными принципами.

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into Russian. Watch some uses of the Definite article

1. What gives Rousseau's model its novel character is his insistence that freedom ultimately means obedience to the general will.

2. On the basis of public/private division, politics is restricted to the activities of the. state itself and the responsibilities exercised by public bodies: the apparatus of government, the courts, the police, the army, me state- security system and so on.

3. The most grotesque example of 'government for the people' was found in the so-called totalitarian democracies.

4. There are two key features of the legitimate process: the first is the existence of elections and party competition.

5. Legitimacy must be demonstrated by an expression of consent on the part of me governed.

• The article is translated when it is used as an adjective before nouns.

6. The definition can be narrowed still further. (Это/данное опре­деление..,)

7. The link between politics and the affairs of the state also helps to explain why negative connotations have so often been attached to politics. (Связь, существующая между...)

8. The interest in classifying political systems stems from two sources. (Нынешний/постоянно существующий интерес к...)

Ex. 14. Translate the words in brackets into English