- •Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет)
- •Москва росспэн 2001
- •Редакционный совет:
- •Text 2: different views of politics
- •Ciifiry
- •Conflict
- •Anti-politics
- •General will
- •Text 4: concepts, models and theories
- •In effect
- •Interrelationships
- •Invalid
- •Absolutism
- •Totalitarianism
- •Liberal democracy
- •Liberal democracy
- •1Л. 14. Translate the text into English система правления
- •1» Assume forms
- •Text 2. Regimes of the modern world
- •Communism
- •Theocracy
- •I. Lord Advocate, to challenge
- •Communism
- •Text 3: полиархия
- •Text 4: classical typologies
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text 1: what is political ideology?
- •Text 2: liberalism and conservatism
- •Text 3: патерналистский консерватизм
- •Text 4: the end of ideology?
- •Democracy Text 1: Conceptions of democracy
- •Text 1: conceptions of democracy
- •Text 2: Democracy in practice: rival views
- •In (under) such circumstances
- •Text 2: democracy in practice: rival views
- •Developmental democracy
- •Protective democracy,
- •Text 3: демократия
- •Text 4: defining democracy
- •In many ways
- •The changing balance of the global economy.
- •In this respect
- •Text 2: towards world government
- •Ex. 6. Paraphrase the underlined parts, using the topical vocabulary
- •Text 4: understanding global politics
- •V.X. 17. Comment on:
- •Text 1: political socialisation
- •Политическая культура
- •Text 2: legitimacy and political stability
- •Text 3: почему происходят (to occur) революции?
- •Text 4: legitimation crises
- •Text 1: theories of representation
- •Text 2: electoral systems
- •I simple plurality system
- •I consult the text to do exer-
- •Text 3: функции выборов
- •Text 1: party politics
- •It cannot but take account of sth
- •Text 2: party systems
- •V.X. 8. Translate the sentences into English, using the topical vocabulary
- •Text 3: функции партий
- •Text 4: the decline of parties?
- •Incline sb to sth
- •View of sth
- •I dismiss the idea
- •Text 1: theories of decision-making
- •Education and manipulation of public opinion
- •Text 2: system performance
- •Shaping public opinion
- •Text 3: стадии в процессе политики
- •Text 4: democracy performance
- •9. The End of Empire?
- •Intergovern-mentalism
- •Internationa 1 law
- •Incrementalism
- •Intraparty democracy
- •Contents
- •Издательство «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (росспэн)
- •129256, Москва, ул. В.Пика, д. 4, корп. 2. Тел, 181-01-71 (дирекция); Тел./факс 181-34-57 (отдел реализации)
Developmental democracy
Although early democratic theory focused on (необходимость защищать индивидуальные права и интересы), it soon developed an alternative focus: a concern with the development of the human individual and the community. This gave rise to (совершенно новые модели демократического правления) which can broadly be referred to as systems of developmental democracy. The most novel, and radical, such model was developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau1. For Rousseau, democracy was ultimately a means through which human beings could (добиваться свободы и автономии) in the sense of obedience to a law one prescribes to oneself. In other words, citizens are only 'free' when they (участвуют напрямую и постоянно) in shaping the life of their community. This is an idea that moves well beyond the (традиционное понятие выборной демократии) and offers support for the more radical ideal of direct democracy.
However, what gives Rousseau's model its novel character is his insistence that freedom ultimately means obedience to the general will. Rousseau believed the general will to be the 'true' will of each citizen (в отличие от) his or her 'private' or selfish will. By obeying the general will, citizens are therefore doing nothing more than obeying their own 'true' natures, the general will being what individuals would will if they were to act (неэгоистично). In Rousseau's view, such a system of radical developmental democracy required not merely (политическое равенство) but a relatively high level of (экономического равенства)... Although not a supporter of common ownership, Rousseau, nevertheless, proposed that «по citizen shall be rich enough to buy another, and none as poor as to be forced to sell himself*.
Ex. 11. Fill in the prepositions
Protective democracy,
When democratic ideas were revived ... the seventeen and eighteen centuries, they appeared ... the form that was very different ... the classical democracy ... Ancient Greece. In particular, democracy was seen less as a mechanism ... which the public could participate ... political life, and more as a device ... which citizens could protect themselves ... the encroachment ... government, hence protective democracy. This view appealed particularly ... the early liberal thinkers whose concern was, above all, to create the widest realm ... individual liberty.
The same concern ... unchecked power was taken up ... the seventeenth century by John Locke1, who argued that the right ... vote was based ... the existence of natural rights and, ... particular, ... 1 he tight ... property. If government, ... taxation, possessed the power io expropriate property, citizens were entitled to protect themselves ... controlling the composition ... the tax-setting body: the legislature. ... other words, democracy came to mean a system ... government by consent' operating ... a representative assembly.
1
J,
Locke (1632-1704)
- English
philosopher and politician.
Ex. 12. Translate from Russian into English