V.X. 8. Translate the sentences into English, using the topical vocabulary

I Желательно, чтобы Ваше выступление не противоречило основному докладу.

Необходимо, чтобы вы изменили свой подход к проблеме.

^! Важно, чтобы вы отреагировали на заявление председателя.

' Не может быть, чтобы они еще не издали такого распоря­жения.

5. Вполне естественно, что руководящая партия реагирует на широкий круг озабоченностей со стороны общественности.

6. Странно, что и сторонники, и соперники правящей партии высказались за ее предложение ввести ограничение на по­ставки оружия в эту страну.

7. Неужели эта реорганизованная партия уже приспособилась к новой политической обстановке?

8. Было предложено, чтобы сеть партийных органов была расширена.

Ex. 9. Study the following models and translate them into Russian

1. Let's have a long talk so that we can/may discuss a number of issues.

2. He answered all our questions in order that we couldn't/ might not create any bias.

3. They took all precautions in order thai h should not occur again. (They took all precautions i&sl it should occur again).

Ex. 10. Paraphrase the following sentences on the above models

1. The speaker made a pause for the audience to respond.

2. I'm telling all this for you to adjust to these conditions.

3. The issue was raised for everybody to think it over.

4. He joined in the discussion for everybody to see his approach.

5. He made some suggestions for the meeting to compose the structure of the Committee.

6. The party leader insisted on his point of view being included into the agenda for the rank-and-file members to discuss iL

7. The party did its utmost to outdo electoral promises.

8. He spoke distinctly to emphasize some aspects of his report.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into English, using the topical vocabulary

1. Им дали время, чтобы они могли обдумать свои действия по_широкоиу кругу вопросов

2. Проект документа был представлен на рассмотрение выше­стоящему органу, чтобы тот мог узаконить его.

3. Докладчик еще раз разъяснил вопрос, чтобы не сформиро­ван^ аудитории ненужных предубеждений.

4. У нас оставалось слишком мало времени, чтобы ответить на запрос этой организации.

5. Были созданы все необходимые предпосылки для того, чтобы партия выработала свою программу.

6. Они внесли предложение о том, чтобы была создана сеть вспомогательных органов.

7. Они пытались навязать нам свой план, чтобы не вводить ограничения на поставки оружия.

8. Он промолчал, чтобы не противоречить общей точке зре­ния.

Ex. 12. Fill in the gaps with 'strength', 'strong', 'to strengthen', 'strengthening'. Translate the sentences into Russian

1. Reforms succeeded in ... the extra-parliamentary parties by introducing the mandatory re-election of Members of Parliament (MPs),

2. As important as the number of parties competing for power is their relative size as reflected in their electoral and legislative ...

1. The LDP dominance reflected the powerful appeal of the party's neo-Confucian principles of duty and obligation in the still-traditional Japanese countryside, and the ... links that the party had forged with business elite.

I The ... of multiparty systems is that they create internal checks and balances within governments and exhibit a bias in favour of debate, conciliation and compromise.

\ The post-election horse trading that takes place when no single party is ... enough to govern alone can take months.

II Overrepresentation of centrist parties is seen as one of the drawbacks of proportional representation which, by ensuring that the legislative size of parties reflects their electoral is biased in favour of multiparty politics and coalition government.

7 The increased turn out ... the legitimacy of the election.

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to prefixes 're' and 'de'

! The upsurge of dйmocratisation led to a renewed flourishing of part i es.

In Asia, Africa and Latin America, the relaxation or collapse of

military rule was accompanied by the re-emergence of parties. < Socialist parties set out to 'win over' the electorate to a belief in

the benefits of public ownership, full employment,

redistribution, social welfare and so on. I Reformers succeeded in strengthening the extra-parliamentary

party by introducing the mandatory re-election of Members of

Parliament (MPs) and an electoral college to elect the leader

and deputy leader.

5. The British Liberal Party's endorsement of community politics enabled citizens to regain control over a range of activities affecting the conduct of their everyday life.

6. The new UN secretary-general is trying to refocus the UN activities and to make them more effective.

7. The USA, a German-led Europe, Russia, Japan and South East Asian tigers, China, and possibly the Islamic world are all engaged in redefining themselves as international actors freed from the straight jacket that superpower rivalry imposed.

8. How will the overall characteristics of a de-ideologized world differ from those of the one with which we are familiar?

9. Modern de-ideologised social, parties fit the description of 'catch-all' parties.

10. The capacity of parties to mobilise and socialise has been brought into doubt by evidence in many countries of partisan de-alignment.

11. In the chapter 'The de-massified Media', - the author talks about the breaking up of the information messages in rhe mass media - the newspapers, the newsmagazines, the radio, and finally, in the television.

12. The price of a greater efficiency world would be a more de­personalised and inhuman social environment.

Ex. 14. Translate into Russian, paying attention to 'rather than_> 'rather', 'but rather'

1. De-ideologised social parties emphasise leadership and unity, and downgrade the role of individual party members in trying to build up broad coalition of support, rather than relying on a particular social class or section group.

2. Representative parties attempt to reflect, rather than shape,' public opinion.

3. Parties of integration adopt pro-active, rather than reactive, public strategy.

4. Policy implementation is usually carried out by bureaucracies rather than parties, except in one-party systems where the 'ruling party' supervises the state apparatus at every level.

5. Coalition politics tends to be characterised by negotiations and conciliation, a search for common ground, rather than by conviction and the politics of principles.

6. Political socialisation is portrayed as the transmission of values and beliefs from one generation to the next in the interests of social cohesion and political stability, rather than in the cause of economic subordination.

1. Ideologies are not hermetically sealed systems of thought: rather, they are fluid sets of ideas which overlap with one another at a number of points.

<S. There is no single, agreed theory of representation. Rather, there are a number of competing theories, each of which is based on particular ideological and political assumptions.

9. In this view, political power cannot be understood narrowly in terms of electoral rights, or in terms of ability to articulate their interests by lobbying and campaigning. Ratjjei, at a deeper level, political power reflects the distribution of economic power and, in particular, the unequal ownership of productive wealth.

10. In radical democracy, democracy is not seen as as a means of laying down a framework within which individuals can go about their own business, but rather as a general principle that is applicable to all areas of social existence.

Ex. 15. Translate into Russian sentences with double negation

1. Not uncommonly, one-party systems in Africa are weakly organised, and they play, at best, only peripheral role in the process of policy making.

.' Although the impact of socialisation is not irrelevant to this model, social base explanations allow for rationality insofar as group interests may help to shape party allegiances.

' Not uncommonly, party systems have been seen to reflect the class system, with the middle classes providing the electoral base for right-wing parties, and the working classes providing the electoral base for left-wing parties.

I Not uncommonly, this has meant attempting to rescue the term (politics) from its unsavoury reputation by establishing that politics is valuable, even laudable activity.

s Since this economic policy hasn't been tried before, and since it isn't based on any economic model, and since the assumptions on which the Administration's forecasts are based were revised to provide the desired results the skepticism is not entirely unjustified.

'> The members of the party are not all impractical eccentrics; that is, they are not all impractical.

Each of the EU' tasks (launching the euro, enlarging the club, writing a constitution) is big enough of its own; setting about all at once, when each has implications for the other, is a bit like trying to ride a monocycle on a tightrope while doing a spot of juggling at the same time — a hard act, but not impossible.

Ex. 16. Translate into English, using 'once' in its diffйrent meanings

1. Конкуренция на выборах приводит к размыванию (to blur) идеологических пристрастий (identities), когла-то лелеемых принципов, от которых обычно отказываются (to discard) в поисках (in search of) голосов.

2. Отказ от иллюзий (disillusionment) и неверие растут по мере того, как партии, стремясь к власти, объявляют (to proclaim) о своей способности решать проблемы и улуч­шать существующие условия, но не выполняют их, как только оказываются у власти.

3. Хотя многочисленные (broad) программные (programmic) партии когда-то с успехом озвучивали цели основных слоев (sectors) избирателей, но такие проблемы как тендерное (gender) равенство, атомная энергетика, права животных и экологические проблемы могут потребовать для своего формулирования новых представителей и других политиче^ ских формирований.

4. Будучи (как только их выберут) выбранными, представите-^ ли избирателей должны думать и действовать независимо, по своему усмотрению, исходя из того, что народные мас­сы не осознают своих высших интересов.

5. Как тоттько завершается процедура официальной регистра­ции кандидата, он получает право начинать свою избира­тельную кампанию.

6. Огтнажлы отказав им в помощи, он не мог рассчитывать на их поддержку в нынешней избирательной кампании.

7. Когда-то его считали выдающимся лидером Христианско-Демократической партии Германии.

Ех. 17. Translate the text into English