- •Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет)
- •Москва росспэн 2001
- •Редакционный совет:
- •Text 2: different views of politics
- •Ciifiry
- •Conflict
- •Anti-politics
- •General will
- •Text 4: concepts, models and theories
- •In effect
- •Interrelationships
- •Invalid
- •Absolutism
- •Totalitarianism
- •Liberal democracy
- •Liberal democracy
- •1Л. 14. Translate the text into English система правления
- •1» Assume forms
- •Text 2. Regimes of the modern world
- •Communism
- •Theocracy
- •I. Lord Advocate, to challenge
- •Communism
- •Text 3: полиархия
- •Text 4: classical typologies
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text 1: what is political ideology?
- •Text 2: liberalism and conservatism
- •Text 3: патерналистский консерватизм
- •Text 4: the end of ideology?
- •Democracy Text 1: Conceptions of democracy
- •Text 1: conceptions of democracy
- •Text 2: Democracy in practice: rival views
- •In (under) such circumstances
- •Text 2: democracy in practice: rival views
- •Developmental democracy
- •Protective democracy,
- •Text 3: демократия
- •Text 4: defining democracy
- •In many ways
- •The changing balance of the global economy.
- •In this respect
- •Text 2: towards world government
- •Ex. 6. Paraphrase the underlined parts, using the topical vocabulary
- •Text 4: understanding global politics
- •V.X. 17. Comment on:
- •Text 1: political socialisation
- •Политическая культура
- •Text 2: legitimacy and political stability
- •Text 3: почему происходят (to occur) революции?
- •Text 4: legitimation crises
- •Text 1: theories of representation
- •Text 2: electoral systems
- •I simple plurality system
- •I consult the text to do exer-
- •Text 3: функции выборов
- •Text 1: party politics
- •It cannot but take account of sth
- •Text 2: party systems
- •V.X. 8. Translate the sentences into English, using the topical vocabulary
- •Text 3: функции партий
- •Text 4: the decline of parties?
- •Incline sb to sth
- •View of sth
- •I dismiss the idea
- •Text 1: theories of decision-making
- •Education and manipulation of public opinion
- •Text 2: system performance
- •Shaping public opinion
- •Text 3: стадии в процессе политики
- •Text 4: democracy performance
- •9. The End of Empire?
- •Intergovern-mentalism
- •Internationa 1 law
- •Incrementalism
- •Intraparty democracy
- •Contents
- •Издательство «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (росспэн)
- •129256, Москва, ул. В.Пика, д. 4, корп. 2. Тел, 181-01-71 (дирекция); Тел./факс 181-34-57 (отдел реализации)
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Ex. 6. Paraphrase the underlined parts, using the topical vocabulary
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All citizens, dfispile their race, skin and religion enjoy the equal rights under the main law of the country.
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The hostilities were brought to an end under the patronage of the UN.
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The new world order became an ... of common recognition of international norms and standards of morality.
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In November 1990 representatives of the Warsaw Pact and NATO met in Paris ... closing the book on the Cold War...
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The peace-keeping operations in Africa were carried out ... the UN.
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In a number of areas international organisations provide a more effective means of... national interest.
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... different social systems both the USSR and the USA were seeking a compromise in that crisis.
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The Soviet policy of that period ... the desire to create a buffer-zone between itself and a hostile West.
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... of its dominance in Europe, the US promoted creation of a military alliance in the form of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
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The most influential world organizations of that period were NATO and the Warsaw Pact. ... was founded in 1949 ... was established in 1955.
c. to undergo
d. in pursuit of
e. to facilitate, era
f. to pursue
g. regardless of
h. to embody
i. the former, the latter j. embodiment
k. under the auspices of
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There has been an astonishing number of books about the state of our planet recently and they are available for all of us.
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International organizations have been set up by a number of sovereign states to promote international cooperation.
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Besides tackling world problems, international organizations provide a more effective means of looking after national interests too.
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The idea of splendid isolation of states in the XIX century has changed greatly and this option is no longer available.
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To these ends all member-states commit themselves not to interfere in internal affairs of other countries.
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The policy of peaceful co-existence included several concrete principles.
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The main aim of the UN is to follow the policy of maintaining peace and preventing a new war.
Ex. 7. Study how negation is expressed in the following sentences, translate them into Russian
1- Nobody must have expected him to believe in peaceful cooperation under the auspices of the United Nations.
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The decent into mutual suspicion and hostility between East and West must have become unavoidable.
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It must be wrong to think that the first phase of the Cold War was not fought in Europe.
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The Cold War must have failed to remain local.
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Peace champions must have never supported the very fact of the existence of the Cold War.
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Some Germans, sharing fascist ideas, must have been unwilling to admit the defeat of Germany.
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In the beginning, most local residents must have misunderstood the Soviet soldiers intentions to set them free from the fascists.
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The process of dividing Europe must have £__ to end with the creation of the 'two Germanies', rivalry of the two military alliances followed.
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The Western politicians of that period must have rejected all Soviet initiatives to put an end to the confrontation.
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In strict terms, the EU is no longer a confederation of independent states.
Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences into English
I. Корейская война не могла не знаменовать собой распространение Холодной войны на Азию.
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Председатель Комитета, должно быть, не смог получить доступ к конфиденциальной информации.
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Никто не может подтвердить, что он голосовал за поправки к этой резолюции.
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Во время Холодной войны США не поддерживали большинство мирных инициатив Советского Союза.
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Этого политического деятеля нельзя назвать хорошо информированным: он никогда не следит за работами современных политологов.
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Министр иностранных дел так и не признал факт нападения на эту страну, несмотря на неопровержимые доказательства.
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Фашистская Германия не сдержала своего обязательства не нападать на Советский Союз.
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Американские агрессоры во Вьетнаме также не демонстрировали уважение и доброту к местному гражданскому населению.
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Никто из присутствовавших не оценил оригинальность идеи и не поддержал ее.
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Выступая на заседании Комитета представитель Либеральной партии не смог внятно изложить концепцию своей партии по земельному вопросу. Руководитель партии был явно недоволен,
Ex. 9. Translate into English, using the topical vocabulary
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Межнациональные организации, должно быть, были учреждены целым рядом суверенных государств в целях развития международного сотрудничества.
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Должно быть, такие организации не образовывались в XIX веке потому, что отдельные государства к этому не стремились.
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Вероятно, проведение политики полной изоляции государств невозможно б наше время.
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Будущее государства, должно быть, зависит от обеспечения коллективной безопасности и тесного экономического СОт трудничества с другими государствами, а также от доступа, к международным рынкам.
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Эти цели, должно быть, достигаются только путем тесного сотрудничества государств под эгидой крупных международных организаций.
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Вероятно, не все проблемы в области защиты окружающей среды уже были решены международными организациями.
Несмотря на определенные сложности, существуют объективные условия для решения данных проблем.
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Строго говоря, такие международные организации, должно быть, воплощают в себе и высшый моральный авторитет.
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В этой связи международные организации, вероятно, дали новый толчок к развитию понятия «мировое государство*.
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Должно быть, система международных организаций подверглась значительным изменениям.
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Европейский Союз, должно быть, олицетворяет интересы сообщества независимых государств.
Ex. 10. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct Tense forms (active or passive). Translate the sentences into Russian
Whichever model of European integration ultimately prevails, the EU undoubtedly (to confront) by a number of testing problems. Perhaps the oldest of these is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which (to ensure) that the bulk of EU funds still (to use) to subsidise uncompetitive fanning. Although the need to reform the CAP widely (to accept), this entails tackling powerful fanning lobbies in states such as France and Germany, and throughout southern Europe. A second problem is the so-called 'democratic deficit'. This usually (to understand) to mean the EU lack of democratic accountability, which (to reflect) in the weakness of its only directly elected body, the European Parliament. While lack of accountability is a common criticism of the European Union, anti-federalists are also reluctant to grant the European Parliament greater powers for fear that this might accelerate the integration process. Thirdly, the collapse of communism and the end of the division of Europe (to create) pressure for the eastward expansion of the European Union. Not only does this raise serious difficulties related to the incorporation of former communist states still in the process of transition, but it also (to raise) questions about how far the EU can be 'deepened' at the same time as it is 'widened'. Finally, there are serious doubts about the ability of the EU to be an effective international actor in any capacity other than as a trading bloc. This (to underline) by its paralysis in relation to the collapse of the former Yugoslavia and the ensuing ethnic carnage.
Ex. 11. Translate from Russian into English
I. Европейская Комиссия является исполнительным органом Европейского Союза. Она инициирует законодательные предложения и следит за (to be a watchdog for sth.) выполнением принятых решений и договоров.
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В Совет министров ЕС входят министры стран-участниц. Руководство Советом меняется каждые полгода в порядке ротации (to rotate).
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Европейский Совет представляет собой форум, в работе которого принимают участие главы правительств вместе со своими министрами иностранных дел и двумя комиссарами. Они встречаются для обсуждения общих направлений (overall directions) работы Союза.
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Европейский парламент избирается непосредственно населением стран-участниц Союза и является органом, контролирующим все аспекты деятельности Союза.
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Европейский суд интерпретирует право Европейского Союза, которое имеет верховенство (to have primacy over) над национальным правом стран-участниц. Суд может рекомендовать не применять (to 'disapply') местное законодательство. Как суд первой инстанции (A Court of first instance) может рассматривать (to handle cases) дела, поступившие от частных лиц и компаний.
Бх. 12. Write questions to these answers
THE UNITED NATIONS
1
It was constructed at the San Francisco Conference (April-June 1945) in the dying days of the Second World War.
2
Yes, it's the most advanced experiment in world government to day.
3 _____________________
It has attempted to avoid the manifest failures of the League of
Nations.
4
There were high expectations, that this period would be marked by a rejection of the power politics of the past, paving the way for an era of peace and international cooperation. >
5 _______________________
The UN Charter laid down the highest standards of international
conduct for nations wishing to join the organisation. !
6 _
The renunciation of the use of force (except in self-defence) the settlement of international disputes by peaceful means, cooperation to ensure respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the recognition of national sovereignty and the right to self-determination.
7
At the heart of this approach lies a commitment to the principle of collective security and the belief that collective action can provide an alternative to the 'old polities', which was based on the pursuit of national interest and the maintenance of a balance of power.
8 .
Yes, it has. The UN has undoubtedly established itself as a genuinely world body.
9 ________________________
It is regarded by most as an indispensable part of the international political scene.
10
It is difficult to argue that it has, or perhaps could ever, live up to the expectations of its founders.
Ex. 13. Fill in the gaps with the articles
... structure of the UN centres around ... General Assembly, which consists of all ... member states, each of which has ... single vote. ... General Assembly can debate and pass ... resolutions on any matter covered by ... charter. ... Important decisions must be carried by ... two-thirds majority, but these decisions are recommendations rather than being enforceable international law. ... UN is ... propaganda arena as opposed to ... effective parliament. ... most significant UN body is the Security Council, which is charged with ... maintenance of international peace and security, and is thus responsible for the UN's role as negotiator, observer, peace keeper, and, ultimately, peace enforcer, ... Council has 15 members. The 'Big Five' are permanent 'veto powers', meaning that they can cancel ... decisions made by other members of ... Council. ... other ten members are non-permanent members that are elected for two years by the General Assembly.
... World Court (formerly the International Court of Justice) is ... judicial arm of the UN. ... Secretariat is ... executive branch of the UN, and it is headed by ... UN Secretary General .
Although ... UN is best known for its high-profile peacekeeping operations, its reputation is shaped by ... work of ... number of specialised agencies coordinated by ... Economic and Social Council of... General Assembly. These include ... World Health Organisation (WHO), ... United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), ... United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO), and ... United Nations Higher Commission for Refugees (UNHCR).
Ex. 14. Translate from Russian into English
TEXT 3: ПОЛИТИКА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
Двадцатый век принес с собой признание того, что мир, по словам Маршала МакЛуана, превратился во «всемирную деревню». Феномен глобализации полностью изменил наше понимание политики и природы политического взаимодействия. Традиционное представление о политике всегда фокусировалось на государстве: государство рассматривалось как главное политическое действующее лицо (actor), и все внимание обращалось на управленческую деятельность на национальном уровне. Из этого логично следовало, что существовала четкая грань между внутренней и внешнеполитической деятельностью, т.е. между тем, что происходит внутри государства, и тем, что происходит вне его. Последняя стала предметом новой самостоятельной дисциплины - международные отношения.
Глобализация ослабляет и, возможно, разрушает границу между «национальным» (the domestic) и «международным» (the foreign), приводя, по мнению многих, к возникновению мирового общества (a world society).
Хотя национальные государства все еще остаются главными действующими лицами на мировой арене, нельзя отрицать все возрастающее влияние над государстве иных органов, транснациональных групп и организаций.
Ex. 15. Translate from English into Russian and discuss the text