12. Examine the theoretical level of research and its main elements. Рассмотрите теоретический уровень исследования и его основные элементы.

The method of investigation is a way to achieve a certain goal , a set of techniques and operations practical or theoretical understanding of reality . In science, the method is the way of knowledge, which paves the researcher to his subject . Thus, the method of scientific research - a way to knowledge of objective reality . The methods of theoretical level axiomatic rank hypothetical ( hypothetical- deductive ) , formalization , abstraction , general logical methods ( analysis, synthesis, induction , deduction, analogy ) and others.

Formalization - display meaningful knowledge of signs and symbolic form ( formal language ) . Last created for the exact expression of thoughts in order to exclude the possibility for ambiguous understanding . Formalization of reasoning about objects carried in the plane of operation with signs ( formulas ) , which is associated with the construction of artificial languages (the language of mathematics, logic , chemistry , etc.).

Synthesis - Connect individual aspects of the subject into a coherent whole .

Analysis - a method of knowledge by means of dismemberment or expansion of research subjects into its constituent parts .

Axiomatic method - a method of constructing a scientific theory in which some statements are made without evidence.

Abstraction - a mental distraction from nonessential properties, connections , relationships and objects selection of multiple parties interested researchers .

Deduction is reception particular conclusions based on some knowledge of general provisions .

Induction is a method of knowledge, clearly tapped on formal logical reasoning , which leads to a general conclusion on the basis of private parcels .

13. Consider the level of empirical research and its features. Рассмотрите эмпирический уровень исследования и его особенности.

Empirical level of scientific knowledge is characterized by the direct study of real-life, sensible objects. The special role of empiricism in science is that it is only at this level of research we are dealing with direct human interaction with the natural or social studied objects. There prevails living contemplation (sensory perception), rational point and its shape (judgments, concepts, etc.) are present, but are of minor importance. Therefore, the object of study is reflected mainly by their external relations and manifestations of available living contemplation and express internal relations. At this level, the process of accumulation of information about the studied objects, phenomena through observation, a variety of measurements, delivery experiments. There is also produced primary systematization of evidence obtained in the form of tables, charts, graphs, and the like. In addition, at the second level of scientific knowledge - as a result of generalization of scientific facts - perhaps the formulation of certain empirical regularities.

Empirical and theoretical levels of knowledge are interrelated, the boundary between conventional and mobile. Empirical studies identified through observation and experiment new data stimulates theoretical knowledge (which summarizes and explains them), confronts him with new and more complex tasks. On the other hand, theoretical knowledge, developing and specifying the basis for a new empiricism own content, opens up new, wider horizons for empirical knowledge, directs and guides it in search of new facts, it contributes to the improvement of methods and tools, and the like.