57. Consider the main types of efficiency of scientific research. Рассмотрите основные виды эффективности научных исследований.

The effectiveness of the scientific researches is the definition or determination of such variant of the study, which is the shortest route to success. The effectiveness of the scientific researches is one of its characteristics, which shows the correlation between the cost of effort (or resources) to hold it and the result (or the degree of achievement of objectives).

Main types of the effectiveness of scientific research:

1) economic efficiency - the growth of national income, increased productivity, product quality, reducing costs of research;

2) strengthening the country's defense;

3) the socio-economic efficiency - the elimination of hard work, improvement of sanitary conditions of work, cleaning the environment, and so on. D;

4) the prestige of science

Economic effectiveness is characterized by pronounced in cost savings.

Scientific and technical effectiveness characterizes the growth of new scientific knowledge, intended for further development of science and technology.

Social effectiveness is to increase the living standard of the people of health, culture, science and education, the improvement of environmental conditions, etc

If the essential characteristics of fundamental research is their relevance, novelty theoretical, conceptual, conclusiveness, and the possibility of introducing promising results in practice, that the consideration of applied research should be evaluated primarily by their practical relevance and importance, the possibility of introducing in practice, the effectiveness of the results. For scientific research here is valuable novelty, relevance and effectiveness.

58. Relate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of research developments. Расскажите об экономической эффективности от внедрения научно-исследовательских разработок.

Under the cost-effectiveness of scientific research in the general public realize cost savings and living labor for production in that branch, where finished implementing scientific research and experimental development (R & D). The main types of efficiency of scientific research:

1) Cost effectiveness - the growth of national income, increased productivity, product quality, reduce the cost of scientific research;

2) strengthening the country's defense;

3) socio-economic efficiency - the elimination of hard work, improvement of sanitary and hygienic conditions of work, cleaning up the environment, and so on. D;

4) the prestige of Russian science.

The economic effect of the introduction - the main indicator of the efficiency of research - depends on the cost of implementation, the scope of implementation, the timing of development of new technology, and many other factors. Effect of the introduction is calculated for the entire period from the time of development of the topic until the return. The duration of this period is usually applied research is several years. However, in the end it can get the full economic effect. The level of novelty applied research and development team is characterized by a number completed works, which received copyright certificates and patents. This criterion characterizes the absolute number of patents and certificates. More objective are relative indicators, such as the number of patents and certificates referred to a certain number of employees of the team or among those developed by the team, which are subject to registration certificates and patents.

There are three types of economic benefit: a preliminary, the expected and actual. Preliminary economic benefit is set in justifying the theme of scientific research and its inclusion in the work plan.