22. Relate the problem statement of research and its stages. Расскажите о постановке проблемы исследования и ее этапах.

Scientific research is not possible without setting a scientific problem. The problem - this is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires study permit; this problem to be investigated. Consequently, the problem - is that it is not known that arose during the development of science and the needs of society. Problems do not occur in a vacuum, they always grow from the results obtained previously. Any problem has two inseparable elements: the objective knowledge that is not yet known, and the assumption of the possibility of obtaining new laws or fundamentally new way of practical application of previously acquired knowledge. It is expected that this new knowledge society needs. There are three stages in the formulation of the problem: the search for, the actual production and deployment problems. Troubleshooting. Many scientific and technical problems lie, as they say, on the surface, without the need for search. They enter the social order, is required to find ways and find new means to resolve the contradiction. For example, the problem of creating a "clean" engine, do not pollute the air environment. Most often the problem is not such a distinct and obvious, in particular the problem of creating a vehicle on an air cushion, which arose in connection with the need to improve cross-car and move away from such an ancient mover, like a wheel. This major scientific and technical problems. In the structure they have a lot of small problems, which may also be the subject of scientific research. Often the problem arises from "reverse" when the practice gives results opposite or drastically different from those which were expected. Formulation of the problem. As you know, the right to put the problem, ie. E. To articulate the goal to define the boundaries of research and, accordingly, to establish research facilities, - it is not easy and, most importantly, a very individual for each case. However, there are four general "rules" of the problem. 1. Strict limitation known from new. For the formulation of the problem need to be familiar with the latest achievements of science and technology in this field in order to properly assess the novelty of the detected inconsistencies and does not pose the problem, which has already been solved. 2. Localization (limit) of the unknown. Should clearly limit the scope of the new real extent possible, identify the subject of the case study, as the area of the unknown is limitless and can not cover it with one or a group of research. 3. Identification of possible conditions for the solution. It is necessary to clarify the type of problem: scientific-theoretical or practical, special or comprehensive, universal or private; define a common methodology for the study, which is largely dependent on the type of problem, and to establish the extent of the accuracy of measurements and assessments. 4. The presence of uncertainty or variance - provides for replacement during the deployment, and to address the previously selected methods, techniques, tricks, new, improved, or more appropriate to address the problem or unsatisfactory with new formulations, as well as replacing the previously selected private relations, defined as needed for research, new and more fully meet the objectives of the study. Unknown region in the formulation problems (the first two "rules") shall be limited and localized, and therefore should be carried out strictly third "rule" requiring that the problem was laid more uncertainty, because the resolution of any problems - it's an invasion of the region, full of surprises for which there may be no studies of already known methods and ratings. Deployment problems. Solution of scientific and technical or scientific problem should not be considered as a single act. Solving the problem often coincides with the deployment, that is, with the emergence and formulation of additional questions, which are grouped around a central issue - the hub for any problem. The decision further questions allows the researcher to data and facts necessary to find an answer to the main question of the problem. Additional issues to a certain extent, identify with the term "aspect of the problem," ie. E. To the study of the object of study in the new