31. Consider the concepts of information and scientific information. Рассмотрите понятия информация и научная информация.

Information (shortened as info or info.) is that which informs, i.e. that from which data can be derived. At its most fundamental, information is any propagation of cause and effect within a system. Information is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of some thing.

Scientific information - is a logical information obtained in the process of learning , adequately reflects the laws of the objective world and is used in the socio- historical practice . The main features of scientific information :

- It is acquired in the process of knowledge of the laws of objective reality , the basis of which is the practice , and served in an appropriate form ;

- A documented or publicly disclosed information about domestic and foreign achievements in science, technology , production, obtained during the research , development , production and social activities .

32. Consider the properties of scientific information. Рассмотрите свойства научной

информации.

Information (shortened as info or info.) is that which informs, i.e. that from which knowledge and data can be derived (as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts). As it regards data, the information's existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, information requires a cognitive observer. At its most fundamental, information is any propagation of cause and effect within a system. Information is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of some thing. That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, information is always conveyed as the content of a message. Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation

Properties of scientific information:

- Cumulative, that is, more than a brief summary of information when eventually dropping out of secondary and primary simply and concisely (kiss);

- Aging - information is completely obsolete when there is a new and the previous is wrong, that is, cease to be of scientific information or is mentioned more concisely and generalized;

- Scattering - a unit of information - concepts, hypotheses, theories, facts - are used in the works of other authors in different ways and in different contexts.

Qualitative characteristics:

• Authenticity (proximity to the source of information or the accuracy of its transmission);

• Objectivity (information, purified from the inevitable distortions in its transmission, for example, through informal channels);

• Timeliness;

• Relevance (the extent to which the information problem solving);

• Relevance (importance of information at a time).

Quantitative characteristics:

• Completeness (information without the "information noise");

• Adequacy (the amount of information sufficient for making a definite decision).

Value characteristics:

• Value (value information for a particular purpose);

• Cost (all costs upon receipt of information).