International communication

English is the national language in such countries as Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It is the mother tongue of nearly three hundred million people. Many people speak English in Japan, China, India and African countries. But many more use it as an international means of communication, because English has become a truly international language.

Science, trade, sport and international relations of vari­ous kinds have given the English language the status of one of the world's most important languages. Many scien­tific and technical journals are written in English although they are not necessarily published in England or other English-speaking countries. At numerous international meetings and conferences, English is the main language. The Olympic Games and other multinational sports events cannot do without it.

The role English plays today is the result of historical processes. The English language, in the course of its historical development, has met with so many influences from abroad that its lexical and grammatical structure has come to reflect in many ways its international use.

English is a language which is indeed able to cope with the most diverse tasks of international communication.

IV. Language development.

1. Read and dramatize the following dialogues:

A: I am studying English now.

В: Are you really? They say it's very difficult.

A: I don't think English is easy.

B: Why do you think so?

A: Because I have to work hard learning a lot by heart.

A: I am going to be an engineer.

B: Why?

A: For a number of reasons.

B: What reasons?

A: The main one is I like engineering.

***

A: What do you think the best sort of job is?

B: To be a designer.

A: As for me I like engineering.

B: To my mind, the best one is the job you like the most.

2. Complete the following dialogues:

A: Hello. My name is Nick.

B\ ...

A\ Are you an engineer?

B: ...

A: What's your job?

B: ...

A: Do you speak English?

B: ...

V. Speaking

Communicative situations

1. Give a piece of advice on how to learn English

2. Advertise the language you are studying nom. Why do you study it?

3. Speak now:

а) the importance of English language;

б) how to use a dictionary.

3. Peculiarities of professional texts.

Особливості перекладу професійно-орієнтовних

іншомовних джерел.

I. Active Vocabulary.

unprecedented – безпрецедентний;

incapacitation - втрата працездатності;

appreciable – істотний, відчутний, помітний;

fitness - стан здоров'я, придатність;

boil – опік;

wound – рана;

liable – відповідальний, схильний, підвладний;

to bind - зв'язувати;

vial - пробірка, ампула.

II. Read and translate the text.

ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics probably represent the greatest single contribution of drug therapy in the past half-century, a period characterized by unprecedented advancements in health care. This group of drugs provides effective control of many human microbial pathogens that previously caused prolonged incapacitation or death without appreciable regard for age, economic status, or physical fitness.

The word "antibiotic" is derived from the term antibiosis, which literally means "against life" (anti — against, bios — life). The most widely accepted concept defines an antibiotic as a chemical substance produced by a micro­organism that has the capacity, in low concentration, to inhibit selectively or even to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms through an antimetabolic mechanism. Essentially all definitions limit antibiotics to biologic constituents that exert their action in low concentrations. This definition excludes microbial metabolites, such as ethanol, that are active against protoplasmic functions at higher concentrations.

The history and development of antibiotic agents are similar to the patterns noted for other types of drugs. Relatively ineffective attempts to use materials that are now recognized as having antibiotic association can be detected in folk medicine and in prepenicilline scientific literature. The study of antibiotics began in 1929, when A. Fleming proved that the filtrate of a broth culture of the fungus Penicillium notation has antibacterial properties in relation to gram-positive micro-organisms. In 1940 E. Chain and H. Florey obtained a relatively stable preparation of penicillin. Development in the antibiotic field since 1940 is characterized by a practical blending of empiric observation and increasingly sophisticated manipulations of biologic and chemical factors. This familiar pattern is frequently overlooked because an aura of the 20-th century miracle drugs has surrounded the antibiotics.

Reports, some dating back 2500 years, indicate that various ancient and primitive peoples applied moldy bread, soybean curds, and other materials to boils and wounds liable to infection; this can be considered a folk medicine type of antibiotic therapy. Pasteur demonstrated bacterial antagonism shortly after he established the bacterial etiology of infectious disease. Initially, antibiotic therapy was commonly employed in a wide range of microbial infections with only limited logic or design.

The commercialy available and therapeutically useful antibiotics can be classified on the basis of the biosynthetic origin of the antibiotic molecules. Antibiotics derived from amino acids include the penicillins, the cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, cycloserine, dactinomycine, and the polypeptide antibiotics (e.g.— bacitracin, polymyxin).

Antibiotics derived from acetate metabolism include tetracyclines (a group of actinomycete antibiotics that have a broad spectrum and considerable therapeutic utility), macrolide antibiotics, polyenes, etc.

According to the character of action aafffiiotics are subdivided into bacteriostatic (tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and others) and bactericidal (penici I line, ristomycin, etc).

The mechanism of action of antibiotics varies. For example, penicilline inhibits the synthesis of polymers of the bacterial cell wall and streptomycin inhibits the incorporation of some amino acids in protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol is a specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis of bacterial protein. Tetracyclines, lincomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, sparsomycin and others belong to the group of antibiotics which inhibit protein biosynthesis in bacteria at the ribosome level. So there are various hypotheses and theories which have not entirely revealed the mechanism of action, and this question has not been completely solved.