2. Finish the chronicle.

The Chronicle of Pharmacy Development in Europe till the 12^th century Pharmacy was an integral part of medicine. 1240 Pharmacy was separated from medicine by the Emperor of

Holy Rome.

1518 The College of Physicians was founded. 1540 _{----------------------------------------------------}

3. Work with a partner and complete the diagrams using the words from the box. Decide which words mean good things and which mean bad ones.

no pharmaceutical training, unwanted members, dispense medicines, apothecary's shops, chemist's shop, inspect, destroy drugs

materia medica

Physicians 200 years ago

education

Place of work

hospitals

the only representatives of medical profession

Treat rich people

position in the society

duties

4. Study the information on how to write argumentative essays.

1.Useful tips for argumentative essays:

• use formal style;

• do not use short forms;

• write well-developed paragraphs;

• use generalisations (e.g. people say/believe/consider);

• do not use strong personal expressions (e.g. / think);

• use linking words (e.g. therefore, although, however, etc.);

• use sequencing (e.g. firstly, secondly, lastly);

• give examples;

• use quotations.

2. Outline: expressing arguments for and against a topic:

Introduction: Introduce the subject of the essay.

State why it is an important issue at the present time.

Main body: 1. Present arguments in favour of the statement.

2. Present arguments against the statement.

Conclusion: Conclude by giving a well-balanced consideration.

5. Write a 120—180 word argumentative essay What was better: to be an apothecary or a physician 200—300 years ago? Discuss the topic.

III. Supplement

1. Read and discuss the text.

DE VELOPMENT OF PHARMA CYAND MEDICINE IN EUROPE

Pharmacy was born in old times when people started to search for remedies for ailment treatment. First European pharmacies appeared in 1100 in monasteries. Monks prepared remedies and supplied them to those who needed them free of charge. At the same time first prescriptions were created and they began with the words "Good luck". 100 years later first city pharmacies were opened in Venice. Specialists for those pharmacies were trained in accordance with widely accepted scheme: pupil — apprentice — master. Such a training process took 10—15 years (depending on the abilities of each person).

Until the end of the 9^th century there were no pharmacies in Europe (pharmacies as com­mercial entities) where a customer could order some remedies. So, people made their own "medicines" collecting and processing minerals and other ingredients.

The earliest ever found Pharmacopoeia Articles for different medicines were created and collected by monastery scientists. But monastic schools (where a phar­macist was a therapist, a surgeon, a pharmacist and a professor combined) had no such scientific opportunities as offered by popular universities in Oxford, Sala­manca, Prague, Heidelberg and other European cities. So, in the 13^th century those Universities were at the height of their fame.

In the 15^th century the term "provisor" (from Latin providere — to provide for) appeared for the first time. The first proper pharmacopoeia was launched in 1581 in Spain. Hundreds of private and polytechnic schools were opened throughout Europe, often headed or owned by pharmacists. The first educational establishments with a proper pharmaceutics course were opened in Montpelier (France), Padua, and Barcelona in the middle of the 16^th century. The most complete reference books about the creation of pharmacies and pharmaceutical management were issued at the turn of the 19* century. At the same time pharmacist associations were founded in Paris (Societe Libre des Pharmaciens), in Berlin (Obercollegium Medicum et Sanitatis) in 1796, and in London (The Royal Apothecary School) in 1842. The practice of pharmacist training at universities was first introduced in France and England at the beginning of the 19^th century. First of all the training was aimed at gaining knowledge and practical skills in preparation and use of medicines, but later educational courses started to include more theoretical subjects. This may be explained by the fact that in the course of the following decade pharmacies gradually lost their manufacturing functions and were more concentrated on selling medicines and advising patients.